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The fundamental frequency is one of the parameters that define power quality. Correctly determining this parameter under the conditions that prevail in modern power grids is crucial. Diagnostic purposes often require an efficient estimation…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Antonio Bracale , Pasquale De Falco , Piotr Kuwałek , Grzegorz Wiczyński

The large-scale integration of inverter-interfaced renewable energy sources presents significant challenges to maintaining power balance and nominal frequency in modern power systems. This paper studies grid-level coordinated control of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-05 Xiaoyang Wang , Xin Chen

This paper develops a harmonic-domain framework for systems with variable fundamental frequency. A variable-frequency sliding Fourier decomposition is introduced in the phase domain, together with necessary and sufficient conditions for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-05 Maxime Grosso , Pierre Riedinger , Jamal Daafouz , Serge Pierfederici , Hicham Janati Idrissi , Blaise Lapôtre

Grid-connected inverters are required to operate stably under a wide range of grid conditions. However, conventional grid-following (GFL) control may suffer from instability under weak-grid conditions, while grid-forming (GFM) control may…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-07 Zirui Wang , Yitong Li , Quanchi Wu , Jinjun Liu

DC shipboard microgrids (SMGs) are highly dynamic systems susceptible to failure due to various cyber-physical disturbances, such as extreme weather and mission operations during wartime. In this paper, the real-time operational resilience…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-07 Ali Hosseinipour , Maral Shadaei , Javad Khazaei

We propose a decentralized, frequency-domain identification algorithm that estimates the grid-equivalent model from the perspective of local converters. Since local electric signals in a multi-converter setup are affected by voltage inputs…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-28 Sanjay Chandrasekaran , Florian Dörfler , Silvia Mastellone

To satisfy dynamic requirements of power systems, it is imperative for grid-tied inverters to ensure good disturbance rejection performance (DRP) under variable grid conditions. This letter discovers and theoretically proves that for…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-28 Fuyilong Ma , Huanhai Xin , Zhiyi Li , Linbin Huang

This paper addresses the following fundamental research question: how does the integration of grid-forming inverters (GFMs) replacing conventional synchronous generators (SGs) impact the slow coherent eigen-structure and the low-frequency…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-27 Sayak Mukherjee , Ramij Raja Hossain , Kaustav Chatterjee , Soumya Kundu , Kyung-Bin Kwon , Sameer Nekkalapu , Marcelo Elizondo

This paper presents an extensive framework focused on the control design, along with stability and performance analysis, of Grid-Following Inverters (GFL). It aims to ensure their effective operation under both stiff and weak grid…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-26 Alireza Askarian , Jaesang Park , Srinivasa Salapaka

DC microgrids are converter-based electrical networks that are increasingly being used in various applications, including data centers and industrial distribution systems. A central challenge in their operation is maintaining the DC-bus…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-30 Jovan Krajacic , Ognjen Stanojev , Mario Schweizer , Orcun Karaca , Gabriela Hug , Vladan Lazarević

This paper develops a nonlinear grid-forming (GFM) controller with provable voltage-formation guarantees, with over-current limiting enforced via a control-barrier-function (CBF)-based safety filter. The nominal controller follows a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-04 Bhathiya Rathnayake , Sijia Geng

Inverter-based storages are poised to play a prominent role in future power grids with massive renewable generation. Grid-forming inverters (GFMs) are emerging as a dominant technology with synchronous generators (SG)-like characteristics…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-22 Ramij Raja Hossain , Kaustav Chatterjee , Sai Pushpak Nandanoori , Soumya Kundu , Laurentiu Marinovici , Karan Kalsi , Diane Baldwin

Unprecedented dynamic phenomena may appear in power grids due to higher and higher penetration of inverter-based resources (IBR), e.g., wind and solar photovoltaic (PV). A major challenge in dynamic modeling and analysis is that unlike…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-10 Lingling Fan , Zhixin Miao

Grid-forming (GFM) inverters are expected in future inverter-dominated grids. In such grids, time-domain protection schemes, for example those based on instantaneous incremental quantities (IQs), are being advocated as potential solutions…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-14 Henrik Johansson , Qianli Xing , Nathaniel Taylor , Xiongfei Wang

The increasing use of power electronics converters to integrate renewable energy sources has been subject of concern due to the resonance oscillatory phenomena caused by their interaction with poorly damped AC networks. Early studies are…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-02 Luis Orellana , Luis Sainz , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

Under asymmetrical faults, analyzing the transient stability of grid-forming voltage-source converters (GFM-VSCs) becomes essential because their behavior fundamentally differs from that under symmetrical faults. When current limiting is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-20 Seongyeon Kim , Ki-Hyun Kim , Shenghui Cui , Jae-Jung Jung

Grid-forming voltage source converter (GF-VSC) has been identified as the key technology for the operation of future converter-dominated power systems. Among many other issues, transient stability of this type of power systems remains an…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-09 Régulo E. Ávila-Martínez , Javier Renedo , Luis Rouco , Aurelio García-Cerrada , Lukas Sigrist , Taoufik Qoria , Xavier Guillaud

A dynamic phasor (DP) framework for time-domain and frequency-domain analyses of grid-forming converters (GFCs) connected to series-compensated transmission lines is proposed. The proposed framework can capture the behavior of GFCs…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-26 Fiaz Hossain , Nilanjan Ray Chaudhuri

This paper proposes dynamic stability and performance conditions for grid-connected inverter-based resources (IBRs). To this end, we extend the notion of steady-state droop coefficients to dynamic droop coefficients to capture the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-07 Jennifer T. Bui , Dominic Groß

Modern power systems increasingly demand converter-driven generation systems that integrate seamlessly with grid infrastructure. Grid-based converters are particularly advantageous, as they operate in harmony with conventional synchronous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-19 Somayeh Mehri Boroojeni , Ehsan Sharafoddin