We propose a decentralized, frequency-domain identification algorithm that estimates the grid-equivalent model from the perspective of local converters. Since local electric signals in a multi-converter setup are affected by voltage inputs from other converters, considered as the grid, estimating a single apparent impedance yields biased and inaccurate results. To overcome this, we design a framework that decouples the effect of the equivalent impedance (passive) from that of the equivalent voltage (active). The parameters and equivalent grid voltages are then estimated using a constrained least squares and a Kalman filter algorithm, respectively, applied across frequency samples. We then demonstrate the accuracy and performance of our algorithm on an interconnected 5-converter system in grid-forming mode, with minimal voltage excitations and non-ideal operating conditions.
@article{arxiv.2605.28403,
title = {A Gray-Box Approach for Decentralized Grid-Equivalent Model Identification},
author = {Sanjay Chandrasekaran and Florian Dörfler and Silvia Mastellone},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2605.28403},
year = {2026}
}