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Recent advances in generative AI have led to remarkable interest in using systems that rely on large language models (LLMs) for practical applications. However, meaningful evaluation of these systems in real-world scenarios comes with a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Ethan M. Rudd , Christopher Andrews , Philip Tully

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming scholarly tasks like search and summarization, but their reliability remains uncertain. Current evaluation metrics for testing LLM reliability are primarily automated approaches that prioritize…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Anna Martin-Boyle , William Humphreys , Martha Brown , Cara Leckey , Harmanpreet Kaur

With the rapid adoption of LLM-based chatbots, there is a pressing need to evaluate what humans and LLMs can achieve together. However, standard benchmarks, such as MMLU, measure LLM capabilities in isolation (i.e., "AI-alone"). Here, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Serina Chang , Ashton Anderson , Jake M. Hofman

Large Language Models (LLMs) are rapidly evolving and impacting various fields, necessitating the development of effective methods to evaluate and compare their performance. Most current approaches for performance evaluation are either…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Behrad Moniri , Hamed Hassani , Edgar Dobriban

The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) as chat assistants capable of generating human-like conversations has amplified the need for robust evaluation methods, particularly for open-ended tasks. Conventional metrics such as EM and F1,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Sher Badshah , Hassan Sajjad

This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of large language models (LLM) architectures and strategies for "complex" question-answering with a focus on hybrid architectures. LLM based chatbot services have allowed anyone to grasp the potential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Xavier Daull , Patrice Bellot , Emmanuel Bruno , Vincent Martin , Elisabeth Murisasco

When asked, large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT claim that they can assist with relevance judgments but it is not clear whether automated judgments can reliably be used in evaluations of retrieval systems. In this perspectives paper,…

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) in customer service introduces new risks, as malicious actors can exploit them to conduct large-scale user impersonation through machine-generated text (MGT). Current MGT detection methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Angela Yifei Yuan , Haoyi Li , Soyeon Caren Han , Christopher Leckie

Evaluating the quality of open-domain chatbots has become increasingly reliant on LLMs acting as automatic judges. However, existing meta-evaluation benchmarks are static, outdated, and lacking in multilingual coverage, limiting their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-23 John Mendonça , Alon Lavie , Isabel Trancoso

Question answering systems (QA) utilizing Large Language Models (LLMs) heavily depend on the retrieval component to provide them with domain-specific information and reduce the risk of generating inaccurate responses or hallucinations.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Ashkan Alinejad , Krtin Kumar , Ali Vahdat

The rapid proliferation of large language models (LLMs) in healthcare creates an urgent need for scalable and psychometrically sound evaluation methods. Conventional static benchmarks are costly to administer repeatedly, vulnerable to data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Tianpeng Zheng , Zhehan Jiang , Jiayi Liu , Shicong Feng

Evaluation of large language model (LLM) outputs requires users to make critical judgments about the best outputs across various configurations. This process is costly and takes time given the large amounts of data. LLMs are increasingly…

Despite the remarkable coherence of Large Language Models (LLMs), existing evaluation methods often suffer from fluency bias and rely heavily on multiple-choice formats, making it difficult to assess factual accuracy and complex reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Raymond Bernard , Shaina Raza , Subhabrata Das , Rahul Murugan

In recent times, the grandeur of Large Language Models (LLMs) has not only shone in the realm of natural language processing but has also cast its brilliance across a vast array of applications. This remarkable display of LLM capabilities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Hanieh Alipour , Nick Pendar , Kohinoor Roy

Large language models (LLMs) excel at generating empathic responses in text-based conversations. But, how reliably do they judge the nuances of empathic communication? We investigate this question by comparing how experts, crowdworkers, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Aakriti Kumar , Nalin Poungpeth , Diyi Yang , Erina Farrell , Bruce Lambert , Matthew Groh

Evaluating large language models (LLMs) is challenging. Traditional ground-truth-based benchmarks fail to capture the comprehensiveness and nuance of real-world queries, while LLM-as-judge benchmarks suffer from grading biases and limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Jinjie Ni , Fuzhao Xue , Xiang Yue , Yuntian Deng , Mahir Shah , Kabir Jain , Graham Neubig , Yang You

Personalized support is essential to fulfill individuals' emotional needs and sustain their mental well-being. Large language models (LLMs), with great customization flexibility, hold promises to enable individuals to create their own…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Xi Zheng , Zhuoyang Li , Xinning Gui , Yuhan Luo

Standardized surveys scale efficiently but sacrifice depth, while conversational interviews improve response quality at the cost of scalability and consistency. This study bridges the gap between these methods by introducing a framework for…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Soubhik Barari , Jarret Angbazo , Natalie Wang , Leah M. Christian , Elizabeth Dean , Zoe Slowinski , Brandon Sepulvado

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence has resulted in the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) with the capacity to produce text that closely resembles human communication. These models have been seamlessly integrated into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Zenon Lamprou , Yashar Moshfeghi

With the recent undeniable advancement in reasoning abilities in large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT and GPT-4, there is a growing trend for using LLMs on various tasks. One area where LLMs can be employed is as an alternative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Chenhui Shen , Liying Cheng , Xuan-Phi Nguyen , Yang You , Lidong Bing