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Recent advances in agentic AI have led to systems capable of autonomous task execution and language-based reasoning, yet their spatial reasoning abilities remain limited and underexplored, largely constrained to symbolic and sequential…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Bui Duc Manh , Soumyaratna Debnath , Zetong Zhang , Shriram Damodaran , Arvind Kumar , Yueyi Zhang , Lu Mi , Erik Cambria , Lin Wang

Over the past year, the development of large language models (LLMs) has brought spatial intelligence into focus, with much attention on vision-based embodied intelligence. However, spatial intelligence spans a broader range of disciplines…

Humans are social beings; we pursue social goals in our daily interactions, which is a crucial aspect of social intelligence. Yet, AI systems' abilities in this realm remain elusive. We present SOTOPIA, an open-ended environment to simulate…

Embodied AI depends on interactive 3D environments that support meaningful activities for diverse users, yet assessing their functional affordances remains a core challenge. We introduce SceneTeract, a framework that verifies 3D scene…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Léopold Maillard , Francis Engelmann , Tom Durand , Boxiao Pan , Yang You , Or Litany , Leonidas Guibas , Maks Ovsjanikov

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown inspiring achievements in constructing autonomous agents that rely on language descriptions as inputs. However, it remains unclear how well LLMs can function as few-shot or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Zixia Jia , Mengmeng Wang , Baichen Tong , Song-Chun Zhu , Zilong Zheng

Embodied AI requires agents to understand goals, plan actions, and execute tasks in simulated environments. We present a comprehensive evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) on the VirtualHome benchmark using the Embodied Agent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Jiaqi Xu , Tao Huang , Kai Zhang

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have spurred numerous attempts to apply these technologies to embodied tasks, particularly focusing on high-level task planning and task decomposition. To further explore this area, we…

Recent advancements in Spatial Intelligence (SI) have predominantly relied on Vision-Language Models (VLMs), yet a critical question remains: does spatial understanding originate from visual encoders or the fundamental reasoning backbone?…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Zhongbin Guo , Zhen Yang , Yushan Li , Xinyue Zhang , Wenyu Gao , Jiacheng Wang , Chengzhi Li , Xiangrui Liu , Ping Jian

Leveraging Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) to create embodied agents offers a promising avenue for tackling real-world tasks. While language-centric embodied agents have garnered substantial attention, MLLM-based embodied agents…

Large language models (LLMs) have shown emerging potential in spatiotemporal reasoning, making them promising candidates for building urban agents that support diverse urban downstream applications. Despite these benefits, existing studies…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Siqi Lai , Yansong Ning , Zirui Yuan , Zhixi Chen , Hao Liu

Humans excel at performing complex tasks by leveraging long-term memory across temporal and spatial experiences. In contrast, current Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle to effectively plan and act in dynamic, multi-room 3D environments.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Wenbo Hu , Yining Hong , Yanjun Wang , Leison Gao , Zibu Wei , Xingcheng Yao , Nanyun Peng , Yonatan Bitton , Idan Szpektor , Kai-Wei Chang

In remote and hybrid work contexts, the integration of physical and digital environments is revolutionizing spatial experiences, collaboration, and interpersonal interactions. This study examines three fundamental spatial conditions: the…

Building embodied autonomous agents capable of participating in social interactions with humans is one of the main challenges in AI. Within the Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) field, this objective motivated multiple works on embodied…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-02 Grgur Kovač , Rémy Portelas , Katja Hofmann , Pierre-Yves Oudeyer

We introduce Blueprint-Bench, a benchmark designed to evaluate spatial reasoning capabilities in AI models through the task of converting apartment photographs into accurate 2D floor plans. While the input modality (photographs) is well…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Lukas Petersson , Axel Backlund , Axel Wennstöm , Hanna Petersson , Callum Sharrock , Arash Dabiri

As large language models (LLMs) develop anthropomorphic abilities, they are increasingly being deployed as autonomous agents to interact with humans. However, evaluating their performance in realistic and complex social interactions remains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Shuai Huang , Wenxuan Zhao , Jun Gao

Today's autonomous agents, largely driven by foundation models (FMs), can understand natural language instructions and solve long-horizon tasks with human-like reasoning. However, current human-robot interaction largely follows a one-way…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Linus Nwankwo , Bjoern Ellensohn , Christian Rauch , Elmar Rueckert

Embodied AI is a recent research area that aims at creating intelligent agents that can move and operate inside an environment. Existing approaches in this field demand the agents to act in completely new and unexplored scenes. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Federico Landi , Roberto Bigazzi , Marcella Cornia , Silvia Cascianelli , Lorenzo Baraldi , Rita Cucchiara

Scientific discovery has long been constrained by human limitations in expertise, physical capability, and sleep cycles. The recent rise of AI scientists and automated laboratories has accelerated both the cognitive and operational aspects…

As spatial intelligence becomes an increasingly important capability for foundation models, it remains unclear whether large language models' (LLMs) performance on spatial reasoning benchmarks reflects structured internal spatial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Jiyuan An , Liner Yang , Mengyan Wang , Luming Lu , Weihua An , Erhong Yang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly leveraged to empower autonomous agents to simulate human beings in various fields of behavioral research. However, evaluating their capacity to navigate complex social interactions remains a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Xinyi Mou , Jingcong Liang , Jiayu Lin , Xinnong Zhang , Xiawei Liu , Shiyue Yang , Rong Ye , Lei Chen , Haoyu Kuang , Xuanjing Huang , Zhongyu Wei