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The fusion of Large Language Models (LLMs) and robotic systems has led to a transformative paradigm in the robotic field, offering unparalleled capabilities not only in the communication domain but also in skills like multimodal input…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Sara Incao , Carlo Mazzola , Giulia Belgiovine , Alessandra Sciutti

Spatial intelligence unfolds through a perception-action loop: agents act to acquire observations, and reason about how observations vary as a function of action. Rather than passively processing what is seen, they actively uncover what is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yining Hong , Jiageng Liu , Han Yin , Manling Li , Leonidas Guibas , Li Fei-Fei , Jiajun Wu , Yejin Choi

The increase in available computing power and the Deep Learning revolution have allowed the exploration of new topics and frontiers in Artificial Intelligence research. A new field called Embodied Artificial Intelligence, which places at…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Roberto Bigazzi

Spatial reasoning plays a vital role in both human cognition and machine intelligence, prompting new research into language models' (LMs) capabilities in this regard. However, existing benchmarks reveal shortcomings in evaluating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Fangjun Li , David C. Hogg , Anthony G. Cohn

Recently, the concept of embodied intelligence has been widely accepted and popularized, leading people to naturally consider the potential for commercialization in this field. In this work, we propose a specific commercial scenario…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Zhuoqun Xu , Yang Liu , Xiaoqi Li , Jiyao Zhang , Hao Dong

Humans naturally understand 3D spatial relationships, enabling complex reasoning like predicting collisions of vehicles from different directions. Current large multimodal models (LMMs), however, lack of this capability of 3D spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Wufei Ma , Luoxin Ye , Celso M de Melo , Jieneng Chen , Alan Yuille

As general-purpose tools, Large Language Models (LLMs) must often reason about everyday physical environments. In a question-and-answer capacity, understanding the interactions of physical objects may be necessary to give appropriate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Matteo G. Mecattaf , Ben Slater , Marko Tešić , Jonathan Prunty , Konstantinos Voudouris , Lucy G. Cheke

Large Language Models (LLMs) trained on massive corpora have shown remarkable success in knowledge-intensive tasks. Yet, most of them rely on pre-stored knowledge. Inducing new general knowledge from a specific environment and performing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Xiaojuan Tang , Jiaqi Li , Yitao Liang , Song-chun Zhu , Muhan Zhang , Zilong Zheng

Physical environments and circumstances are fundamentally dynamic, yet current 3D datasets and evaluation benchmarks tend to concentrate on either dynamic scenarios or dynamic situations in isolation, resulting in incomplete comprehension.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Ruiping Liu , Junwei Zheng , Yufan Chen , Zirui Wang , Kunyu Peng , Kailun Yang , Jiaming Zhang , Marc Pollefeys , Rainer Stiefelhagen

Spatial intelligence is essential for multimodal large language models (MLLMs) operating in the complex physical world. Existing benchmarks, however, probe only single-image relations and thus fail to assess the multi-image spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Sihan Yang , Runsen Xu , Yiman Xie , Sizhe Yang , Mo Li , Jingli Lin , Chenming Zhu , Xiaochen Chen , Haodong Duan , Xiangyu Yue , Dahua Lin , Tai Wang , Jiangmiao Pang

Large Language Models (LLMs) serve not only as chatbots but as key components in agent systems, where their common-sense knowledge significantly impacts performance as language-based planners for situated or embodied action. We assess LLMs'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Jonathan Jordan , Sherzod Hakimov , David Schlangen

As large language model (LLM) agents become more prevalent in real world social settings, social intelligence will play an increasingly critical role. But social intelligence is still a poorly defined construct, for humans and artificial…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-13 David Shoresh , Sarit Kraus , Yonatan Loewenstein

Embodied agents are expected to assist humans by actively exploring unknown environments and reasoning about spatial contexts. When deployed in real life, agents often face sequential tasks where each new task follows the completion of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Zhongyi Cai , Yi Du , Chen Wang , Yu Kong

What if artificial agents could not just communicate, but also evolve, adapt, and reshape their worlds in ways we cannot fully predict? With llm now powering multi-agent systems and social simulations, we are witnessing new possibilities…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Jinkun Chen , Sher Badshah , Xuemin Yu , Sijia Han

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly evaluated in interactive environments to test their social intelligence. However, existing benchmarks often assume idealized communication between agents, limiting our ability to diagnose…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Keyang Xuan , Pengda Wang , Chongrui Ye , Haofei Yu , Tal August , Jiaxuan You

The field of Embodied AI is witnessing a rapid evolution toward general-purpose robotic systems, fueled by high-fidelity simulation and large-scale data collection. However, this scaling capability remains severely bottlenecked by a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zixing Lei , Genjia Liu , Yuanshuo Zhang , Qipeng Liu , Chuan Wen , Shanghang Zhang , Wenzhao Lian , Siheng Chen

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance in general vision-language tasks. However, recent studies have exposed critical limitations in their spatial reasoning capabilities. This deficiency in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Huanyu Zhang , Chengzu Li , Wenshan Wu , Shaoguang Mao , Yifan Zhang , Haochen Tian , Ivan Vulić , Zhang Zhang , Liang Wang , Tieniu Tan , Furu Wei

4D spatial intelligence involves perceiving and processing how objects move or change over time. Humans naturally possess 4D spatial intelligence, supporting a broad spectrum of spatial reasoning abilities. To what extent can Multimodal…

Intelligent systems powered by large-scale sensor networks are shifting from predefined monitoring to intent-driven operation, revealing a critical Semantic-to-Physical Mapping Gap. While large language models (LLMs) excel at semantic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Zhaomeng Zhou , Lan Zhang , Junyang Wang , Mu Yuan , Junda Lin , Jinke Song

Despite the significant advancements in natural language processing capabilities demonstrated by large language models such as ChatGPT, their proficiency in comprehending and processing spatial information, especially within the domains of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-07 He Yan , Xinyao Hu , Xiangpeng Wan , Chengyu Huang , Kai Zou , Shiqi Xu