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An intelligent tutoring system (ITS) aims to provide instructions and exercises tailored to the ability of a student. To do this, the ITS needs to estimate the ability based on student input. Rather than including frequent full-scale tests…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-12 Karl Sigfrid , Ellinor Fackle-Fornius , Frank Miller

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for tasks that require complex reasoning. Most benchmarks focus on final outcomes but overlook the intermediate reasoning steps - such as planning, revision, and decision making under…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Xiaopeng Yuan , Xingjian Zhang , Ke Xu , Yifan Xu , Lijun Yu , Jindong Wang , Yushun Dong , Haohan Wang

To take the esports scene to the next level, we introduce PandaSkill, a framework for assessing player performance and skill rating. Traditional rating systems like Elo and TrueSkill often overlook individual contributions and face…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Maxime De Bois , Flora Parmentier , Raphaël Puget , Matthew Tanti , Jordan Peltier

Reward models (RMs) play a crucial role in Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback by serving as proxies for human preferences in aligning large language models. However, they suffer from various biases which could lead to reward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Xiao Zhu , Chenmien Tan , Pinzhen Chen , Rico Sennrich , Huiming Wang , Yanlin Zhang , Hanxu Hu

In this work, we explore the Large Language Model (LLM) agent reviewer dynamics in an Elo-ranked review system using real-world conference paper submissions. Multiple LLM agent reviewers with different personas are engage in multi round…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Hsiang-Wei Huang , Junbin Lu , Kuang-Ming Chen , Jenq-Neng Hwang

We propose a new framework for imitation learning -- treating imitation as a two-player ranking-based game between a policy and a reward. In this game, the reward agent learns to satisfy pairwise performance rankings between behaviors,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Harshit Sikchi , Akanksha Saran , Wonjoon Goo , Scott Niekum

Estimating discrete games of complete information is often computationally difficult due to partial identification and the absence of closed-form moment characterizations. This paper proposes computationally tractable approaches to…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-10-02 Paul S. Koh

In this report, we inspect the application of an evolutionary approach to the game of Rack'O, which is a card game revolving around the notion of decision making. We first apply the evolutionary technique for obtaining a set of rules over…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-12 Rohan Saha , Cassidy Pirlot

The pursuit of artificial agents that can learn to master complex environments has led to remarkable successes, yet prevailing deep reinforcement learning methods often rely on immense experience, encoding their knowledge opaquely within…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Sai Wang , Yu Wu , Zhongwen Xu

Accurately estimating human skill levels is crucial for designing effective human-AI interactions so that AI can provide appropriate challenges or guidance. In games where AI players have beaten top human professionals, strength estimation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Kyota Kuboki , Tatsuyoshi Ogawa , Chu-Hsuan Hsueh , Shi-Jim Yen , Kokolo Ikeda

In this note, I introduce Estimated Performance Rating (PR$^e$), a novel system for evaluating player performance in sports and games. PR$^e$ addresses a key limitation of the Tournament Performance Rating (TPR) system, which is undefined…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2023-12-21 Mehmet S. Ismail

Competitive online games use rating systems to match players with similar skills to ensure a satisfying experience for players. In this paper, we focus on the importance of addressing different aspects of playing behavior when modeling…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Arman Dehpanah , Muheeb Faizan Ghori , Jonathan Gemmell , Bamshad Mobasher

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in formal learning tasks such as mathematics and code generation, they still struggle with the "practical wisdom" and generalizable intelligence, such as strategic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Nuoyan Lyu , Bingbing Xu , Weihao Meng , Yige Yuan , Yang Zhang , Zhiyong Huang , Tat-Seng Chua , Huawei Shen

Learning in games refers to scenarios where multiple players interact in a shared environment, each aiming to minimize their regret. An equilibrium can be computed at a fast rate of $O(1/T)$ when all players follow the optimistic…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Taira Tsuchiya , Shinji Ito , Haipeng Luo

The current state of the art in playing many important perfect information games, including Chess and Go, combines planning and deep reinforcement learning with self-play. We extend this approach to imperfect information games and present…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-10-26 Andy Kitchen , Michela Benedetti

In this paper, we study the problem of learning the skill distribution of a population of agents from observations of pairwise games in a tournament. These games are played among randomly drawn agents from the population. The agents in our…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-06-16 Ali Jadbabaie , Anuran Makur , Devavrat Shah

Online competitive games have become increasingly popular. To ensure an exciting and competitive environment, these games routinely attempt to match players with similar skill levels. Matching players is often accomplished through a rating…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Arman Dehpanah , Muheeb Faizan Ghori , Jonathan Gemmell , Bamshad Mobasher

Matchmaking connects multiple players to participate in online player-versus-player games. Current matchmaking systems depend on a single core strategy: create fair games at all times. These systems pair similarly skilled players on the…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2018-06-27 Zhengxing Chen , Su Xue , John Kolen , Navid Aghdaie , Kazi A. Zaman , Yizhou Sun , Magy Seif El-Nasr

How likely is it that Magnus Carlsen will achieve an Elo rating of $2900$? This has been a goal of Magnus and is of great current interest to the chess community. Our paper uses probabilistic methods to address this question. The…

Applications · Statistics 2022-08-23 Sohan Bendre , Shiva Maharaj , Nick Polson , Vadim Sokolov

Adversarial board games, as a paradigmatic domain of strategic reasoning and intelligence, have long served as both a popular competitive activity and a benchmark for evaluating artificial intelligence (AI) systems. Building on this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Yingjie Zhou , Jiezhang Cao , Farong Wen , Li Xu , Yanwei Jiang , Jun Jia , Ronghui Li , Xiaohong Liu , Yu Zhou , Xiongkuo Min , Jie Guo , Zicheng Zhang , Guangtao Zhai