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Learning in multi-agent scenarios is a fruitful research direction, but current approaches still show scalability problems in multiple games with general reward settings and different opponent types. The Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Diego Perez-Liebana , Katja Hofmann , Sharada Prasanna Mohanty , Noboru Kuno , Andre Kramer , Sam Devlin , Raluca D. Gaina , Daniel Ionita

Analysing learning in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) environments is challenging, in particular with respect to \textit{individual} decision-making. Practitioners frequently struggle to compare training runs due to the inherent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-29 James Rudd-Jones , María Pérez-Ortiz , Mirco Musolesi

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has reached competitive performance on cooperative tasks against scripted adversaries, yet most methods train agents at a single fixed difficulty throughout the entire run. We term this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Weiqiang Jin , Yang Liu , Shixiang Tang , Jinhu Qi , Wentao Zhang , Junli Wang , Biao Zhao , Hongyang Du

Training agents in multi-agent competitive games presents significant challenges due to their intricate nature. These challenges are exacerbated by dynamics influenced not only by the environment but also by opponents' strategies. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 The Viet Bui , Tien Mai , Thanh Hong Nguyen

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has enjoyed significant recent progress thanks, in part, to the integration of deep learning techniques for modeling interactions in complex environments. This is naturally starting to benefit…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Reza Torbati , Shubham Lohiya , Shivika Singh , Meher Shashwat Nigam , Harish Ravichandar

Microprocessor architects are increasingly resorting to domain-specific customization in the quest for high-performance and energy-efficiency. As the systems grow in complexity, fine-tuning architectural parameters across multiple…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Srivatsan Krishnan , Natasha Jaques , Shayegan Omidshafiei , Dan Zhang , Izzeddin Gur , Vijay Janapa Reddi , Aleksandra Faust

Stochastic games are a popular framework for studying multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). Recent advances in MARL have focused primarily on games with finitely many states. In this work, we study multi-agent learning in stochastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Awni Altabaa , Bora Yongacoglu , Serdar Yüksel

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been an important machine learning paradigm for solving long-horizon sequential decision-making problems under uncertainty. By integrating deep neural networks (DNNs) into the RL framework, deep reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Qizhou Peng , Yang Zheng , Yu Wen , Yanna Wu , Yingying Du

Adversarial inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) for multi-agent task allocation (MATA) is challenged by non-stationary interactions and high-dimensional coordination. Unconstrained reward inference in these settings often leads to high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Huilin Yin , Zhikun Yang , Linchuan Zhang , Daniel Watzenig

In cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (c-MARL), agents learn to cooperatively take actions as a team to maximize a total team reward. We analyze the robustness of c-MARL to adversaries capable of attacking one of the agents on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-10 Jieyu Lin , Kristina Dzeparoska , Sai Qian Zhang , Alberto Leon-Garcia , Nicolas Papernot

Cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has made prominent progress in recent years. For training efficiency and scalability, most of the MARL algorithms make all agents share the same policy or value network. However, in many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Mingyu Yang , Jian Zhao , Xunhan Hu , Wengang Zhou , Jiangcheng Zhu , Houqiang Li

Benchmarks play a crucial role in the development and analysis of reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms, with environment availability strongly impacting research. One particularly underexplored intersection is continual learning (CL) in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Tristan Tomilin , Luka van den Boogaard , Samuel Garcin , Bram Grooten , Meng Fang , Yali Du , Mykola Pechenizkiy

In multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), ensuring robustness against unpredictable or worst-case actions by allies is crucial for real-world deployment. Existing robust MARL methods either approximate or enumerate all possible threat…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Simin Li , Ruixiao Xu , Jingqiao Xiu , Yuwei Zheng , Pu Feng , Yaodong Yang , Xianglong Liu

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is a growing research area which gained significant traction in recent years, extending Deep RL applications to a much wider range of problems. A particularly challenging class of problems in this…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Charles Dansereau , Junior-Samuel Lopez-Yepez , Karthik Soma , Antoine Fagette

The field of Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is currently facing a reproducibility crisis. While solutions for standardized reporting have been proposed to address the issue, we still lack a benchmarking tool that enables…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Matteo Bettini , Amanda Prorok , Vincent Moens

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) is a widely used Artificial Intelligence (AI) technique. However, current studies and applications need to address its scalability, non-stationarity, and trustworthiness. This paper aims to review…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Ziyuan Zhou , Guanjun Liu , Ying Tang

The design of environments plays a critical role in shaping the development and evaluation of cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms. While existing benchmarks highlight critical challenges, they often lack the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Hayeong Lee , JunHyeok Oh , Byung-Jun Lee

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has shown promise for large-scale network control, yet existing methods face two major limitations. First, they typically rely on assumptions leading to decay properties of local agent interactions,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Vidur Sinha , Muhammed Ustaomeroglu , Guannan Qu

LLM-based agents have shown promise in various cooperative and strategic reasoning tasks, but their effectiveness in competitive multi-agent environments remains underexplored. To address this gap, we introduce PillagerBench, a novel…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Olivier Schipper , Yudi Zhang , Yali Du , Mykola Pechenizkiy , Meng Fang

The research community lacks a middle ground between StarCraft IIs full game and its mini-games. The full-games sprawling state-action space renders reward signals sparse and noisy, but in mini-games simple agents saturate performance. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Sourav Panda , Shreyash Kale , Tanmay Ambadkar , Abhinav Verma , Jonathan Dodge