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Benchmarks are crucial in the development of machine learning algorithms, with available environments significantly influencing reinforcement learning (RL) research. Traditionally, RL environments run on the CPU, which limits their…

AlphaStar, the AI that reaches GrandMaster level in StarCraft II, is a remarkable milestone demonstrating what deep reinforcement learning can achieve in complex Real-Time Strategy (RTS) games. However, the complexities of the game,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-11 Xiangjun Wang , Junxiao Song , Penghui Qi , Peng Peng , Zhenkun Tang , Wei Zhang , Weimin Li , Xiongjun Pi , Jujie He , Chao Gao , Haitao Long , Quan Yuan

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has become a powerful framework for numerous real-world applications, modeling distributed decision-making and learning from interactions with complex environments. Resource Allocation Optimization…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Mohamad A. Hady , Siyi Hu , Mahardhika Pratama , Jimmy Cao , Ryszard Kowalczyk

Recent advances in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) have created opportunities to solve complex real-world tasks. Cybersecurity is a notable application area, where defending networks against sophisticated adversaries remains a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Aditya Vikram Singh , Ethan Rathbun , Emma Graham , Lisa Oakley , Simona Boboila , Alina Oprea , Peter Chin

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is vulnerable to Adversarial Machine Learning (AML) attacks and needs adequate defences before it can be used in real world applications. We have conducted a survey into the use of execution-time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Maxwell Standen , Junae Kim , Claudia Szabo

The advancement of general-purpose intelligent agents is intrinsically linked to the environments in which they are trained. While scaling models and datasets has yielded remarkable capabilities, scaling the complexity, diversity, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Brennen Hill

Recently, many cooperative distributed multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms have been proposed in the literature. In this work, we study the effect of adversarial attacks on a network that employs a consensus-based MARL…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-15 Martin Figura , Krishna Chaitanya Kosaraju , Vijay Gupta

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has gained significant traction for solving complex real-world tasks, but the inherent stochasticity and uncertainty in these environments pose substantial challenges to efficient and robust policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Somnath Hazra , Pallab Dasgupta , Soumyajit Dey

Multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has emerged as a promising approach for radio resource allocation (RRA) in cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X) networks. However, the multifaceted challenges inherent to multi-agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Siyuan Wang , Lei Lei , Pranav Maheshwari , Sam Bellefeuille , Kan Zheng , Dusit Niyato

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has been gaining extensive attention from academia and industries in the past few decades. One of the fundamental problems in MARL is how to evaluate different approaches comprehensively. Most…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Zhiuxan Liang , Jiannong Cao , Shan Jiang , Divya Saxena , Jinlin Chen , Huafeng Xu

StarCraft II (SC2) poses a grand challenge for reinforcement learning (RL), of which the main difficulties include huge state space, varying action space, and a long time horizon. In this work, we investigate a set of RL techniques for the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Ruo-Ze Liu , Zhen-Jia Pang , Zhou-Yu Meng , Wenhai Wang , Yang Yu , Tong Lu

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has shown great potential as an adaptive solution for addressing modern cybersecurity challenges. MARL enables decentralized, adaptive, and collaborative defense strategies and provides an automated…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Christoph R. Landolt , Christoph Würsch , Roland Meier , Alain Mermoud , Julian Jang-Jaccard

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is a promising area of research that can model and control multiple, autonomous decision-making agents. During online training, MARL algorithms involve performance-intensive computations such as…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-02-13 Kailash Gogineni , Peng Wei , Tian Lan , Guru Venkataramani

The deployment of multi-agent systems in dynamic, adversarial environments like robotic soccer necessitates real-time decision-making, sophisticated cooperation, and scalable algorithms to avoid the curse of dimensionality. While…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Aya Taourirte , Md Sohag Mia

The tremendous potential has been demonstrated by large language models (LLMs) in intelligent decision-making problems, with unprecedented capabilities shown across diverse applications ranging from gaming AI systems to complex strategic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Zongyuan Li , Yanan Ni , Runnan Qi , Lumin Jiang , Chang Lu , Xiaojie Xu , Xiangbei Liu , Pengfei Li , Yunzheng Guo , Zhe Ma , Huanyu Li , Hui Wu , Xian Guo , Kuihua Huang , Xuebo Zhang

We consider the problem of multi-agent navigation and collision avoidance when observations are limited to the local neighborhood of each agent. We propose InforMARL, a novel architecture for multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) which…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Siddharth Nayak , Kenneth Choi , Wenqi Ding , Sydney Dolan , Karthik Gopalakrishnan , Hamsa Balakrishnan

Cooperation is central to multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), yet learned coordination can be fragile when external perturbations disrupt inter-agent interactions. Prior robust MARL methods have primarily considered value-oriented…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Sunwoo Lee , Mingu Kang , Yonghyeon Jo , Seungyul Han

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated impressive action sequence prediction capabilities but often struggle with dynamic, long-horizon tasks such as real-time strategic games. In a game such as StarCraftII (SC2), agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Daechul Ahn , San Kim , Jonghyun Choi

Real-time strategy (RTS) games make heavy use of artificial intelligence (AI), especially in the design of computerized opponents. Because of the computational complexity involved in managing all aspects of these games, many AI opponents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-03-07 Ian Helmke , Daniel Kreymer , Karl Wiegand

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has recently excelled in solving challenging cooperative and competitive multi-agent problems in various environments, typically involving a small number of agents and full observability. Moreover,…