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The t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) algorithm is a ubiquitously employed dimensionality reduction (DR) method. Its non-parametric nature and impressive efficacy motivated its parametric extension. It is however bounded…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Francesco Crecchi , Cyril de Bodt , Michel Verleysen , John A. Lee , Davide Bacciu

Feature representation is an important aspect of remote-sensing based image classification. While deep convolutional neural networks are able to effectively amalgamate information, large numbers of parameters often make learned features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-07 Joshua Peeples , Sarah Walker , Connor McCurley , Alina Zare , James Keller , Weihuang Xu

This paper applies t-SNE, a visualisation technique familiar from Deep Neural Network research to argumentation graphs by applying it to the output of graph embeddings generated using several different methods. It shows that such a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Lars Malmqvist , Tommy Yuan , Suresh Manandhar

This study presents a pipeline leveraging t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) for interpretable visualizations of chirp features across diverse outcome scenarios. The dataset, comprising chirp-based temporal, spectral, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Nooshin Bahador , Milad Lankarany

Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (SNE) methods minimize the divergence between the similarity matrix of a high-dimensional data set and its counterpart from a low-dimensional embedding, leading to widely applied tools for data visualization.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-13 Yao Lu , Jukka Corander , Zhirong Yang

Modern datasets and models are notoriously difficult to explore and analyze due to their inherent high dimensionality and massive numbers of samples. Existing visualization methods which employ dimensionality reduction to two or three…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-01 David M. Chan , Roshan Rao , Forrest Huang , John F. Canny

t-Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) is a non-parametric data visualization method in classical machine learning. It maps the data from the high-dimensional space into a low-dimensional space, especially a two-dimensional plane, while…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-10 Yoshiaki Kawase , Kosuke Mitarai , Keisuke Fujii

This work considers large-data asymptotics for t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE), a widely-used non-linear dimension reduction algorithm. We identify an appropriate continuum limit of the tSNE objective function, which can…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-10-18 Ryan Murray , Adam Pickarski

Molecular simulation trajectories represent high-dimensional data. Such data can be visualized by methods of dimensionality reduction. Non-linear dimensionality reduction methods are likely to be more efficient than linear ones due to the…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2020-08-24 Vojtěch Spiwok , Pavel Kříž

Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (SNE) algorithms like UMAP and tSNE often produce visualizations that do not preserve the geometry of noisy and high dimensional data. In particular, they can spuriously separate connected components of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Tristan Luca Saidi , Abigail Hickok , Bastian Rieck , Andrew J. Blumberg

t-SNE and hierarchical clustering are popular methods of exploratory data analysis, particularly in biology. Building on recent advances in speeding up t-SNE and obtaining finer-grained structure, we combine the two to create tree-SNE, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-14 Isaac Robinson , Emma Pierce-Hoffman

Node embeddings are a powerful tool in the analysis of networks; yet, their full potential for the important task of node clustering has not been fully exploited. In particular, most state-of-the-art methods generating node embeddings of…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-02-24 Yixuan He , Gesine Reinert , Songchao Wang , Mihai Cucuringu

The paper presents an O(N log N)-implementation of t-SNE -- an embedding technique that is commonly used for the visualization of high-dimensional data in scatter plots and that normally runs in O(N^2). The new implementation uses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-03-11 Laurens van der Maaten

Low-dimensional embeddings and visualizations are an indispensable tool for analysis of high-dimensional data. State-of-the-art methods, such as tSNE and UMAP, excel in unveiling local structures hidden in high-dimensional data and are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-01 Jonas Fischer , Rebekka Burkholz , Jilles Vreeken

Widely used pipelines for analyzing high-dimensional data utilize two-dimensional visualizations. These are created, for instance, via t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE). A crucial element of the t-SNE embedding procedure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Martin Skrodzki , Nicolas F. Chaves-de-Plaza , Thomas Höllt , Elmar Eisemann , Klaus Hildebrandt

In contrast to classical techniques for exploratory analysis of high-dimensional data sets, such as principal component analysis (PCA), neighbor embedding (NE) techniques tend to better preserve the local structure/topology of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-07 Roman Josef Rainer , Michael Mayr , Johannes Himmelbauer , Ramin Nikzad-Langerodi

Multimodal relational data analysis has become of increasing importance in recent years, for exploring across different domains of data, such as images and their text tags obtained from social networking services (e.g., Flickr). A variety…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Morihiro Mizutani , Akifumi Okuno , Geewook Kim , Hidetoshi Shimodaira

The recent advancements in computational power and machine learning algorithms have led to vast improvements in manifold areas of research. Especially in finance, the application of machine learning enables both researchers and…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2020-05-21 Sven Husmann , Antoniya Shivarova , Rick Steinert

Visualization methods based on the nearest neighbor graph, such as t-SNE or UMAP, are widely used for visualizing high-dimensional data. Yet, these approaches only produce meaningful results if the nearest neighbors themselves are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Jan Niklas Böhm , Philipp Berens , Dmitry Kobak

The quality of GAN-generated images on the MNIST dataset was explored in this paper by comparing them to the original images using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t- SNE) visualization. A GAN was trained with the dataset to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Okan Düzyel