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Nonlinear data visualization using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) enables the representation of complex single-cell transcriptomic landscapes in two or three dimensions to depict biological populations accurately.…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-02 Hui Ma , Kai Chen

Dimension reduction, widely used in science, maps high-dimensional data into low-dimensional space. We investigate a basic mathematical model underlying the techniques of stochastic neighborhood embedding (SNE) and its popular variant…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-03-26 Ben Weinkove

Neighbor embeddings are a family of methods for visualizing complex high-dimensional datasets using $k$NN graphs. To find the low-dimensional embedding, these algorithms combine an attractive force between neighboring pairs of points with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Jan Niklas Böhm , Philipp Berens , Dmitry Kobak

A fundamental task in machine learning involves visualizing high-dimensional data sets that arise in high-impact application domains. When considering the context of large imbalanced data, this problem becomes much more challenging. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Parisa Hajibabaee , Farhad Pourkamali-Anaraki , Mohammad Amin Hariri-Ardebili

Due to the sequential sample arrival, changing experiment conditions, and evolution of knowledge, the demand to continually visualize evolving structures of sequential and diverse single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data becomes…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2024-06-24 Hui Ma , Kai Chen

Dimensionality reduction methods such as t-SNE and UMAP are popular methods for visualizing data with a potential (latent) clustered structure. They are known to group data points at the same time as they embed them, resulting in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Elizabeth Coda , Ery Arias-Castro , Gal Mishne

The dimensionality reduction has been widely introduced to use the high-dimensional data for regression, classification, feature analysis, and visualization. As the one technique of dimensionality reduction, a stochastic neighbor embedding…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-03 Motoshi Abe , Junichi Miyao , Takio Kurita

t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) is one of the most widely used dimensionality reduction methods for data visualization, but it has a perplexity hyperparameter that requires manual selection. In practice, proper tuning of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-08-11 Yanshuai Cao , Luyu Wang

Contrastive learning, especially self-supervised contrastive learning (SSCL), has achieved great success in extracting powerful features from unlabeled data. In this work, we contribute to the theoretical understanding of SSCL and uncover…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Tianyang Hu , Zhili Liu , Fengwei Zhou , Wenjia Wang , Weiran Huang

The t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t- SNE) is a method for interpreting high dimensional (HD) data by mapping each point to a low dimensional (LD) space (usually two-dimensional). It seeks to retain the structure of the data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-18 Prakash Chourasia , Sarwan Ali , Murray Patterson

In this work, the use of t-SNE is proposed to embed 3D point clouds of plants into 2D space for plant characterization. It is demonstrated that t-SNE operates as a practical tool to flatten and visualize a complete 3D plant model in 2D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Helin Dutagaci

Dimensionality reduction and manifold learning methods such as t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) are routinely used to map high-dimensional data into a 2-dimensional space to visualize and explore the data. However, two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-27 Bo Kang , Darío García García , Jefrey Lijffijt , Raúl Santos-Rodríguez , Tijl De Bie

This work is concerned with the continuum limit of a graph-based data visualization technique called the t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE), which is widely used for visualizing data in a variety of applications, but is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-15 Jeff Calder , Zhonggan Huang , Ryan Murray , Adam Pickarski

Stochastic neighbor embedding (SNE) methods $t$-SNE, UMAP are two most popular dimensionality reduction methods for data visualization. Contrastive learning, especially self-supervised contrastive learning (SSCL), has showed great success…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Yi Zhang

We study the empirical measure of the output of the t-distributed stochastic neighbour embedding algorithm when the initial data is given by n independent, identically distributed inputs. We prove that under certain assumptions on the…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-04-18 Antonio Auffinger , Daniel Fletcher

T-SNE is a well-known approach to embedding high-dimensional data and has been widely used in data visualization. The basic assumption of t-SNE is that the data are non-constrained in the Euclidean space and the local proximity can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-08-06 Mian Wang , Dong Wang

Adversarial examples, designed to trick Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) into producing wrong outputs, highlight vulnerabilities in these models. Exploring these weaknesses is crucial for developing defenses, and so, we propose a method to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Inês Valentim , Nuno Antunes , Nuno Lourenço

This paper introduces NN-STNE, a neural network using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) as a hidden layer to reduce input dimensions by mapping long time-series data into shapelet membership probabilities. A Gaussian…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Zhicong Xian , Tabish Chaudhary , Jürgen Bock

This article presents a novel application of the t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) clustering algorithm to the telecommunication field. t-SNE is a dimensionality reduction (DR) algorithm that allows the visualization of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-28 Alejandro Ramírez-Arroyo , Luz García , Antonio Alex-Amor , Juan F. Valenzuela-Valdés

Dimensionality reduction methods such as t-SNE are designed to preserve local neighborhood structure but do not explicitly account for how probability mass is distributed, often leading to distortions of data density. We reformulate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Maksim Kazanskii