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Related papers: t-SNE Exaggerates Clusters, Provably

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Visualizing high-dimensional data is essential for understanding biomedical data and deep learning models. Neighbor embedding methods, such as t-SNE and UMAP, are widely used but can introduce misleading visual artifacts. We find that the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-02 Zhexuan Liu , Rong Ma , Yiqiao Zhong

Dimensionality reduction techniques are essential for visualizing and analyzing high-dimensional biological sequencing data. t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) is widely used for this purpose, traditionally employing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Avais Jan , Prakash Chourasia , Sarwan Ali , Murray Patterson

Most existing graph visualization methods based on dimension reduction are limited to relatively small graphs due to performance issues. In this work, we propose a novel dimension reduction method for graph visualization, called…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Xinyu Li , Yao Xiao , Yuchen Zhou

The clustering and visualisation of high-dimensional data is a ubiquitous task in modern data science. Popular techniques include nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods like t-SNE or UMAP. These methods face the `scale-problem' of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-20 Jack Kendrick

A first line of attack in exploratory data analysis is data visualization, i.e., generating a 2-dimensional representation of data that makes clusters of similar points visually identifiable. Standard Johnson-Lindenstrauss dimensionality…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-08 Sanjeev Arora , Wei Hu , Pravesh K. Kothari

This paper presents a new insight into improving the performance of Stochastic Neighbour Embedding (t-SNE) by using Isolation kernel instead of Gaussian kernel. Isolation kernel outperforms Gaussian kernel in two aspects. First, the use of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Ye Zhu , Kai Ming Ting

t-SNE has gained popularity as a dimension reduction technique, especially for visualizing data. It is well-known that all dimension reduction techniques may lose important features of the data. We provide a mathematical framework for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Rupert Li , Elchanan Mossel

Progressive Visual Analytics aims at improving the interactivity in existing analytics techniques by means of visualization as well as interaction with intermediate results. One key method for data analysis is dimensionality reduction, for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-06-17 Nicola Pezzotti , Boudewijn P. F. Lelieveldt , Laurens van der Maaten , Thomas Höllt , Elmar Eisemann , Anna Vilanova

t-SNE is one of the most commonly used force-based nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods. This paper has two contributions: the first is forceful colorings, an idea that is also applicable to other force-based methods (UMAP,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Yulan Zhang , Stefan Steinerberger

An increasing number of multi-view data are being published by studies in several fields. This type of data corresponds to multiple data-views, each representing a different aspect of the same set of samples. We have recently proposed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-08 Theodoulos Rodosthenous , Vahid Shahrezaei , Marina Evangelou

Nearest neighbor (k-NN) graphs are widely used in machine learning and data mining applications, and our aim is to better understand what they reveal about the cluster structure of the unknown underlying distribution of points. Moreover, is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2011-05-06 Samory Kpotufe , Ulrike von Luxburg

Embedding and visualizing large-scale high-dimensional data in a two-dimensional space is an important problem since such visualization can reveal deep insights out of complex data. Most of the existing embedding approaches, however, run on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-06 Minjeong Kim , Minsuk Choi , Sunwoong Lee , Jian Tang , Haesun Park , Jaegul Choo

Subspace clustering refers to the problem of clustering high-dimensional data points into a union of low-dimensional linear subspaces, where the number of subspaces, their dimensions and orientations are all unknown. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-03-17 Reinhard Heckel , Eirikur Agustsson , Helmut Bölcskei

Previous statistical approaches to hierarchical clustering for social network analysis all construct an "ultrametric" hierarchy. While the assumption of ultrametricity has been discussed and studied in the phylogenetics literature, it has…

Applications · Statistics 2023-10-03 Sijia Fang , Karl Rohe

Neighbour embeddings (NE) allow the representation of high dimensional datasets into lower dimensional spaces and are often used in data visualisation. In practice, accelerated approximations are employed to handle very large datasets.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Pierre Lambert , Edouard Couplet , Michel Verleysen , John Aldo Lee

Neighbor embedding methods $t$-SNE and UMAP are the de facto standard for visualizing high-dimensional datasets. Motivated from entirely different viewpoints, their loss functions appear to be unrelated. In practice, they yield strongly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Sebastian Damrich , Jan Niklas Böhm , Fred A. Hamprecht , Dmitry Kobak

Multidimensional scaling is a statistical process that aims to embed high dimensional data into a lower-dimensional space; this process is often used for the purpose of data visualisation. Common multidimensional scaling algorithms tend to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-25 Pierre Lambert , Cyril de Bodt , Michel Verleysen , John Lee

We use graphical methods to probe neural nets that classify images. Plots of t-SNE outputs at successive layers in a network reveal increasingly organized arrangement of the data points. They can also reveal how a network can diminish or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Christopher R. Hoyt , Art B. Owen

t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) is a well-established visualization method for complex high-dimensional data. However, the original t-SNE method is nonparametric, stochastic, and often cannot well prevserve the global…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-14 Zixia Zhou , Yuanyuan Wang , Boudewijn P. F. Lelieveldt , Qian Tao

Misuses of t-SNE and UMAP in visual analytics have become increasingly common. For example, although t-SNE and UMAP projections often do not faithfully reflect the original distances between clusters, practitioners frequently use them to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Hyeon Jeon , Jeongin Park , Sungbok Shin , Jinwook Seo