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Procedural Content Generation (PCG) offers scalable methods for algorithmically creating complex, customizable worlds. However, controlling these pipelines requires the precise configuration of opaque technical parameters. We propose a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Lim Chien Her , Ming Yan , Yunshu Bai , Ruihao Li , Hao Zhang

Machine learning has been a popular tool in many different fields, including procedural content generation. However, procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) approaches can struggle with controllability and coherence. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Kynan Sorochan , Jerry Chen , Yakun Yu , Matthew Guzdial

Goal-conditioned and Multi-Task Reinforcement Learning (GCRL and MTRL) address numerous problems related to robot learning, including locomotion, navigation, and manipulation scenarios. Recent works focusing on language-defined robotic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Julien Perez , Denys Proux , Claude Roux , Michael Niemaz

This paper introduces the Procedural Content Generation Benchmark for evaluating generative algorithms on different game content creation tasks. The benchmark comes with 12 game-related problems with multiple variants on each problem.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Ahmed Khalifa , Roberto Gallotta , Matthew Barthet , Antonios Liapis , Julian Togelius , Georgios N. Yannakakis

Procedural Content Generation (PCG) enables game content to be created algorithmically without direct manual level-design effort, but it introduces a serious evaluation problem: generated content may become unbalanced, blocked, repetitive,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Rishabh Kar

Recent years, there has been growing interests in experience-driven procedural level generation. Various metrics have been formulated to model player experience and help generate personalised levels. In this work, we question whether…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Keyuan Zhang , Jiayu Bai , Jialin Liu

Co-creative Procedural Content Generation via Machine Learning (PCGML) refers to systems where a PCGML agent and a human work together to produce output content. One of the limitations of co-creative PCGML is that it requires co-creative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Zisen Zhou , Matthew Guzdial

Large-scale heterogeneous multiagent systems feature various realistic factors in the real world, such as agents with diverse abilities and overall system cost. In comparison to homogeneous systems, heterogeneous systems offer significant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Qingxu Fu , Zhiqiang Pu , Min Chen , Tenghai Qiu , Jianqiang Yi

Procedural Content Generation (PCG) is a technique to generate complex and diverse environments in an automated way. However, while generating content with PCG methods is often straightforward, generating meaningful content that reflects…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Shyam Sudhakaran , Miguel González-Duque , Claire Glanois , Matthias Freiberger , Elias Najarro , Sebastian Risi

Reinforcement Learning (RL) in games has gained significant momentum in recent years, enabling the creation of different agent behaviors that can transform a player's gaming experience. However, deploying RL agents in production…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 António Afonso , Iolanda Leite , Alessandro Sestini , Florian Fuchs , Konrad Tollmar , Linus Gisslén

Methods for dynamic difficulty adjustment allow games to be tailored to particular players to maximize their engagement. However, current methods often only modify a limited set of game features such as the difficulty of the opponents, or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Miguel González-Duque , Rasmus Berg Palm , David Ha , Sebastian Risi

Curriculum reinforcement learning (CRL) improves the learning speed and stability of an agent by exposing it to a tailored series of tasks throughout learning. Despite empirical successes, an open question in CRL is how to automatically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-26 Pascal Klink , Carlo D'Eramo , Jan Peters , Joni Pajarinen

The procedural generation of levels and content in video games is a challenging AI problem. Often such generation relies on an intelligent way of evaluating the content being generated so that constraints are satisfied and/or objectives…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-22 Ahmed Khalifa , Michael Cerny Green , Gabriella Barros , Julian Togelius

We propose a hierarchical entity-centric framework for offline Goal-Conditioned Reinforcement Learning (GCRL) that combines subgoal decomposition with factored structure to solve long-horizon tasks in domains with multiple entities.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Dan Haramati , Carl Qi , Tal Daniel , Amy Zhang , Aviv Tamar , George Konidaris

Procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) in games involves using machine learning techniques to create game content such as maps and levels. 2D tile-based game levels have consistently served as a standard dataset for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Mahsa Bazzaz , Seth Cooper

Procedural content generation (PCG) can be applied to a wide variety of tasks in games, from narratives, levels and sounds, to trees and weapons. A large amount of game content is comprised of graphical assets, such as clouds, buildings or…

Graphics · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Kaisei Fukaya , Damon Daylamani-Zad , Harry Agius

Reinforcement learning has been widely successful in producing agents capable of playing games at a human level. However, this requires complex reward engineering, and the agent's resulting policy is often unpredictable. Going beyond…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-16 William Ahlberg , Alessandro Sestini , Konrad Tollmar , Linus Gisslén

Recent progress in generative models has stimulated significant innovations in many fields, such as image generation and chatbots. Despite their success, these models often produce sketchy and misleading solutions for complex multi-agent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Zeyang Liu , Xinrui Yang , Shiguang Sun , Long Qian , Lipeng Wan , Xingyu Chen , Xuguang Lan

The term Procedural Content Generation (PCG) refers to the (semi-)automatic generation of game content by algorithmic means, and its methods are becoming increasingly popular in game-oriented research and industry. A special class of these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Vanessa Volz , Boris Naujoks , Pascal Kerschke , Tea Tusar

Procedurally generated video game content has the potential to drastically reduce the content creation budget of game developers and large studios. However, adoption is hindered by limitations such as slow generation, as well as low quality…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-04-15 Michael Beukman , Christopher W Cleghorn , Steven James