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Behavior Trees (BTs) offer a powerful paradigm for designing modular and reactive robot controllers. BT planning, an emerging field, provides theoretical guarantees for the automated generation of reliable BTs. However, BT planning…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yishuai Cai , Xinglin Chen , Yunxin Mao , Kun Hu , Minglong Li , Yaodong Yang , Yuanpei Chen

With the rising demand for flexible manufacturing, robots are increasingly expected to operate in dynamic environments where local -- such as slight offsets or size differences in workpieces -- are common. We propose to address the problem…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Marco Iannotta , Johannes A. Stork , Erik Schaffernicht , Todor Stoyanov

Modern industrial applications require robots to be able to operate in unpredictable environments, and programs to be created with a minimal effort, as there may be frequent changes to the task. In this paper, we show that genetic…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-11-09 Matteo Iovino , Jonathan Styrud , Pietro Falco , Christian Smith

In recent years, robots are used in an increasing variety of tasks, especially by small- and medium- sized enterprises. These tasks are usually fast-changing, they have a collaborative scenario and happen in unpredictable environments with…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-11 Matteo Iovino , Fethiye Irmak Doğan , Iolanda Leite , Christian Smith

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) require adaptive behavior planners to navigate unpredictable, real-world environments safely. Traditional behavior trees (BTs) offer structured decision logic but are inherently static and demand labor-intensive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Omar Y. Goba , Ahmed Y. Gado , Catherine M. Elias , Ahmed Hussein

Behavior Trees (BTs) got the robotics society attention not least thanks to their modularity and reusability. The subtrees of BTs could be treated as separate behaviors and therefore reused. We address the following research question: do we…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-02-11 Evgenii Safronov

The Industry 4.0 paradigm manifests the shift towards mass customization and cyber-physical production systems (CPPS) and sets new requirements for industrial automation software in terms of modularity, flexibility, and short development…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Aleksandr Sidorenko , Mahdi Rezapour , Achim Wagner , Martin Ruskowski

Autonomous robots combine skills to form increasingly complex behaviors, called missions. While skills are often programmed at a relatively low abstraction level, their coordination is architecturally separated and often expressed in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Razan Ghzouli , Thorsten Berger , Einar Broch Johnsen , Andrzej Wasowski , Swaib Dragule

Temporal logic can be used to formally specify autonomous agent goals, but synthesizing planners that guarantee goal satisfaction can be computationally prohibitive. This paper shows how to turn goals specified using a subset of finite…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Aadesh Neupane , Eric G Mercer , Michael A. Goodrich

In this paper we provide a formal framework for comparing the expressive power of Behavior Trees (BTs) to other action selection architectures. Taking inspiration from the analogous comparisons of structural programming methodologies, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-19 Oliver Biggar , Mohammad Zamani , Iman Shames

Language models trained on internet-scale data sets have shown an impressive ability to solve problems in Natural Language Processing and Computer Vision. However, experience is showing that these models are frequently brittle in unexpected…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-04-12 Richard Kelley

Behavior Trees (BTs) are becoming a popular tool to model the behaviors of autonomous agents in the computer game and the robotics industry. One of the key advantages of BTs lies in their composability, where complex behaviors can be built…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-07-16 Michele Colledanchise , Lorenzo Natale

Recent advances in robot learning increasingly rely on LLM-based task planning, leveraging their ability to bridge natural language with executable actions. While prior works showcased great performances, the widespread adoption of these…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Riccardo Andrea Izzo , Gianluca Bardaro , Matteo Matteucci

Interactive task planning with large language models (LLMs) enables robots to generate high-level action plans from natural language instructions. However, in long-horizon tasks, such approaches often require many questions, increasing user…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Kanata Suzuki , Kazuki Hori , Haruka Miyoshi , Shuhei Kurita , Tetsuya Ogata

Behavior Trees are a task switching policy representation that can grant reactiveness and fault tolerance. Moreover, because of their structure and modularity, a variety of methods can be used to generate them automatically. In this short…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Matteo Iovino , Christian Smith

Fast changing tasks in unpredictable, collaborative environments are typical for medium-small companies, where robotised applications are increasing. Thus, robot programs should be generated in short time with small effort, and the robot…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Oscar Gustavsson , Matteo Iovino , Jonathan Styrud , Christian Smith

This paper presents a novel approach in autonomous robot control, named LLM-BRAIn, that makes possible robot behavior generation, based on operator's commands. LLM-BRAIn is a transformer-based Large Language Model (LLM) fine-tuned from…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Artem Lykov , Dzmitry Tsetserukou

This paper presents a novel approach to generating behavior trees for robots using lightweight large language models (LLMs) with a maximum of 7 billion parameters. The study demonstrates that it is possible to achieve satisfying results…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Riccardo Andrea Izzo , Gianluca Bardaro , Matteo Matteucci

Heterogeneous Robot Teams can provide a wide range of capabilities and therefore significant benefits when handling a mission. However, they also require new approaches to capability and mission definition that are not only suitable to…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Georg Heppner , Nils Berg , David Oberacker , Niklas Spielbauer , Arne Roennau , Rüdiger Dillmann

Behavior trees (BTs) emerged from video game development as a graphical language for modeling intelligent agent behavior. However as initially implemented, behavior trees are static plans. This paper adds to recent literature exploring the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2016-07-01 Blake Hannaford , Danying Hu , Dianmu Zhang , Yangming Li