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Text generation is a highly active area of research in the computational linguistic community. The evaluation of the generated text is a challenging task and multiple theories and metrics have been proposed over the years. Unfortunately,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-09 Vivek Srivastava , Mayank Singh

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown potential in speech generation and recognition, their applications are mainly confined to monolingual scenarios, with limited explorations in code-switched (CS) contexts. In this paper, we…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-25 Jing Xu , Daxin Tan , Jiaqi Wang , Xiao Chen

The conventional natural language processing approaches are not accustomed to the social media text due to colloquial discourse and non-homogeneous characteristics. Significantly, the language identification in a multilingual document is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-30 M Zeeshan Ansari , Tanvir Ahmad , M M Sufyan Beg , Asma Ikram

In this work, we present a simple and elegant approach to language modeling for bilingual code-switched text. Since code-switching is a blend of two or more different languages, a standard bilingual language model can be improved upon by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-08-06 Saurabh Garg , Tanmay Parekh , Preethi Jyothi

Informal transliteration from other languages to English is prevalent in social media threads, instant messaging, and discussion forums. Without identifying the language of such transliterated text, users who do not speak that language…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-04-29 Sourav Sen

English is the international standard of social research, but scholars are increasingly conscious of their responsibility to meet the need for scholarly insight into communication processes globally. This tension is as true in computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-23 Edward W. Chew , William D. Weisman , Jingying Huang , Seth Frey

Large language models (LLMs) provide detailed and impressive responses to queries in English. However, are they really consistent at responding to the same query in other languages? The popular way of evaluating for multilingual performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Ashim Gupta , Maitrey Mehta , Zhichao Xu , Vivek Srikumar

With the growing presence of multilingual users on social media, detecting abusive language in code-mixed text has become increasingly challenging. Code-mixed communication, where users seamlessly switch between English and their native…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Manish Pandey , Nageshwar Prasad Yadav , Mokshada Adduru , Sawan Rai

Code-switching is a pervasive phenomenon in multilingual communication, yet the robustness of large language models (LLMs) in mixed-language settings remains insufficiently understood. In this work, we present a comprehensive evaluation of…

Natural language processing (NLP) techniques have become mainstream in the recent decade. Most of these advances are attributed to the processing of a single language. More recently, with the extensive growth of social media platforms focus…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-12 Ramchandra Joshi , Raviraj Joshi

Code-mixing, the practice of switching between languages within a conversation, poses unique challenges for traditional NLP. Existing benchmarks are limited by their narrow language pairs and tasks, failing to adequately assess large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Yilun Yang , Yekun Chai

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied in multilingual contexts, yet their capacity for consistent, logically grounded alignment across languages remains underexplored. We present a controlled evaluation framework for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Samir Abdaljalil , Erchin Serpedin , Khalid Qaraqe , Hasan Kurban

Code-switching, the alternation of languages within a conversation or utterance, is a common communicative phenomenon that occurs in multilingual communities across the world. This survey reviews computational approaches for code-switched…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-24 Sunayana Sitaram , Khyathi Raghavi Chandu , Sai Krishna Rallabandi , Alan W Black

Generating code-switched text is a problem of growing interest, especially given the scarcity of corpora containing large volumes of real code-switched text. In this work, we adapt a state-of-the-art neural machine translation model to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-15 Ishan Tarunesh , Syamantak Kumar , Preethi Jyothi

The use of multilingualism in the new generation is widespread in the form of code-mixed data on social media, and therefore a robust translation system is required for catering to the monolingual users, as well as for easier comprehension…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-25 Sainik Kumar Mahata , Soumil Mandal , Dipankar Das , Sivaji Bandyopadhyay

Code-switching in contact varieties like Singaporean English (Singlish) challenges natural language generation due to limited parallel data and rapid lexical evolution. We propose a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) framework that…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Foong Ming Lai , Yujin Tan , Han Meng , Yi-Chieh Lee

Code-Mixing is a phenomenon of mixing two or more languages in a speech event and is prevalent in multilingual societies. Given the low-resource nature of Code-Mixing, machine generation of code-mixed text is a prevalent approach for data…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Prashant Kodali , Tanmay Sachan , Akshay Goindani , Anmol Goel , Naman Ahuja , Manish Shrivastava , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

Code-mixing is a phenomenon of mixing words and phrases from two or more languages in a single utterance of speech and text. Due to the high linguistic diversity, code-mixing presents several challenges in evaluating standard natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Ayush Garg , Sammed S Kagi , Vivek Srivastava , Mayank Singh

Code-mixing is increasingly prevalent in interactions between humans and large language models, yet existing work often reduces it to a translation or convertibility problem, making it difficult to assess whether a model's switching…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Qingyan Yang , Tongxi Wang , Yunsheng Luo

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being applied across various domains, including code-related tasks such as code translation. Previous studies have explored using LLMs for translating code between different programming…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Soumit Kanti Saha , Fazle Rabbi , Song Wang , Jinqiu Yang