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Twisted hypercubes are graphs that generalize the structure of the hypercube by relaxing the symmetry constraint while maintaining degree-regularity and connectivity. We study the zero forcing number of twisted hypercubes. Zero forcing is a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-05-06 Peter Collier , Jeannette Janssen

Zero forcing is a one-player game played on a graph. The player chooses some set of vertices to color, then iteratively applies a color change rule: If all but one of a colored vertex's neighbors are colored, color (i.e. "force") the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-10-02 Shannon Dillman , Franklin Kenter

Probabilistic zero forcing is a graph coloring process in which blue vertices "infect" (color blue) white vertices with a probability proportional to the number of neighboring blue vertices. We introduce reversion probabilistic zero forcing…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-04-24 Zachary Brennan

Given a simple undirected graph $G$ and a positive integer $k$, the $k$-forcing number of $G$, denoted $F_k(G)$, is the minimum number of vertices that need to be initially colored so that all vertices eventually become colored during the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-01-27 David Amos , Yair Caro , Randy Davila , Ryan Pepper

Cops and robbers is a turn-based pursuit game played on a graph $G$. One robber is pursued by a set of cops. In each round, these agents move between vertices along the edges of the graph. The cop number $c(G)$ denotes the minimum number of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-09-09 Andrew Beveridge , Andrzej Dudek , Alan Frieze , Tobias Müller

Zero forcing is a coloring game played on a graph that was introduced more than ten years ago in several different applications. The goal is to color all the vertices blue by repeated use of a (deterministic) color change rule.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-12-31 Jesse Geneson , Leslie Hogben

Zero forcing is a dynamic coloring process on graphs. Initially, each vertex of a graph is assigned a color of either blue or white, and then a process begins by which blue vertices force white vertices to become blue. The zero forcing…

Zero forcing is a process that models the spread of information throughout a graph as white vertices are forced to turn blue using a color change rule. The idea of throttling, introduced in 2013 by Butler and Young, is to optimize the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-04-11 Jurgen Kritschgau , Josh Carlson

In the game of Cops and Robber, a team of cops attempts to capture a robber on a graph $G$. Initially, all cops occupy some vertices in $G$ and the robber occupies another vertex. In each round, a cop can move to one of its neighbors or…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-09-02 Mingrui Liu

Zero forcing in graphs is a coloring process where a colored vertex can force its unique uncolored neighbor to be colored. A zero forcing set is a set of initially colored vertices capable of eventually coloring all vertices of the graph.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-03 Krishna Menon , Anurag Singh

Zero forcing is a process that colors the vertices of a graph blue by starting with some vertices blue and applying a color change rule. Throttling minimizes the sum of the number of initial blue vertices and the time to color the graph. In…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-09-17 Emelie Curl , Jesse Geneson , Leslie Hogben

The two-player, complete information game of Cops and Robber is played on undirected finite graphs. A number of cops and one robber are positioned on vertices and take turns in sliding along edges. The cops win if, after a move, a cop and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-12-23 Gwenaël Joret , Marcin Kamiński , Dirk Oliver Theis

Zero forcing in a graph refers to the evolution of vertex states under repeated application of a color change rule. Typically the states are chosen to be blue and white, and a forcing set is an initial set of blue vertices such that all of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-11-21 Daniela Ferrero , H. Tracy Hall , Leslie Hogben , Mark Hunnell , Ben Small

Amos et al. (Discrete Appl. Math. 181 (2015) 1-10) introduced the notion of the $k$-forcing number of graph for a positive integer $k$ as the generalization of the zero forcing number of a graph. The $k$-forcing number of a simple graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-07-07 Leihao Lu , Baoyindureng Wu , Zixing Tang

Zero forcing is a process on graphs in which a color change rule is used to force vertices to become blue. The amount of time taken for all vertices in the graph to become blue is the propagation time. Throttling minimizes the sum of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-07 Emily Cairncross , Joshua Carlson , Peter Hollander , Benjamin Kitchen , Emily Lopez , Ashley Zhuang

Zero forcing is an iterative graph coloring process, where given a set of initially colored vertices, a colored vertex with a single uncolored neighbor causes that neighbor to become colored. A zero forcing set is a set of initially colored…

Zero forcing is an iterative graph coloring process whereby a colored vertex with a single uncolored neighbor forces that neighbor to be colored. It is NP-hard to find a minimum zero forcing set - a smallest set of initially colored…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2016-07-05 Boris Brimkov

Zero forcing is a binary coloring game on a graph where a set of filled vertices can force non-filled vertices to become filled following a color change rule. In 2008, the zero forcing number of a graph was shown to be an upper bound on its…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-12 Thomas R. Cameron , Jonad Pulaj

In this note, we study a dynamic vertex coloring for a graph $G$. In particular, one starts with a certain set of vertices black, and all other vertices white. Then, at each time step, a black vertex with exactly one white neighbor forces…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-11-02 Randy Davila , Thomas Kalinowski , Sudeep Stephen

The semi-random graph process is a single player game in which the player is initially presented an empty graph on $n$ vertices. In each round, a vertex $u$ is presented to the player independently and uniformly at random. The player then…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-06-05 Pu Gao , Bogumil Kaminski , Calum MacRury , Pawel Pralat