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Password-based authentication is one of the most commonly used methods for verifying user identities, and its widespread usage continues in virtual reality (VR) applications. As a result, various forms of attacks on password-based…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Yijun Yuan , Na Du , Adam J. Lee , Balaji Palanisamy

Virtual Reality (VR) has gained popularity by providing immersive and interactive experiences without geographical limitations. It also provides a sense of personal privacy through physical separation. In this paper, we show that despite…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Zhuolin Yang , Zain Sarwar , Iris Hwang , Ronik Bhaskar , Ben Y. Zhao , Haitao Zheng

As Virtual Reality (VR) applications grow in popularity, they have bridged distances and brought users closer together. However, with this growth, there have been increasing concerns about security and privacy, especially related to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Zihao Su , Kunlin Cai , Reuben Beeler , Lukas Dresel , Allan Garcia , Ilya Grishchenko , Yuan Tian , Christopher Kruegel , Giovanni Vigna

The Apple Vision Pro is equipped with accurate eye-tracking capabilities, yet the privacy restrictions on the device prevent direct access to continuous user gaze data. This study introduces iTrace, a novel application that overcomes these…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Esra Mehmedova , Santiago Berrezueta-Guzman , Stefan Wagner

With built-in eye-tracking cameras, the recently released Apple Vision Pro (AVP) mixed reality (MR) headset features gaze-based interaction, eye image rendering on external screens, and iris recognition for device unlocking. One of the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-08-15 Zehao Huang , Gancheng Zhu , Xiaoting Duan , Rong Wang , Yongkai Li , Shuai Zhang , Zhiguo Wang

Gaze estimation is instrumental in modern virtual reality (VR) systems. Despite significant progress in remote-camera gaze estimation, VR gaze research remains constrained by data scarcity, particularly the lack of large-scale, accurately…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Gil Shapira , Ishay Goldin , Evgeny Artyomov , Donghoon Kim , Yosi Keller , Niv Zehngut

Eye tracking is routinely being incorporated into virtual reality (VR) systems. Prior research has shown that eye tracking data, if exposed, can be used for re-identification attacks. The state of our knowledge about currently existing…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-22 Ethan Wilson , Azim Ibragimov , Michael J. Proulx , Sai Deep Tetali , Kevin Butler , Eakta Jain

Virtual Reality (VR) technologies are increasingly employed in numerous applications across various areas. Therefore, it is essential to ensure the security of interactions between users and VR devices. In this paper, we disclose a new…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Tao Ni , Yuefeng Du , Qingchuan Zhao , Cong Wang

Traditional authentication methods, such as passwords and biometrics, verify a user's identity only at the start of a session, leaving systems vulnerable to session hijacking. Continuous authentication, however, ensures ongoing verification…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Sai Ganesh Grandhi , Saeed Samet

Eye-tracking technology is being increasingly integrated into mixed reality devices. Although critical applications are being enabled, there are significant possibilities for violating user privacy expectations. We show that there is an…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-03-23 Brendan David-John , Diane Hosfelt , Kevin Butler , Eakta Jain

Foveated rendering significantly reduces computational demands in virtual reality applications by concentrating rendering quality where users focus their gaze. Current approaches require expensive hardware-based eye tracking systems,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Farhaan Ebadulla , Chiraag Mudlapur , Gaurav BV

While eye tracking provides valuable capabilities for virtual reality, such as gaze interaction and dynamic foveated rendering (DFR), eye-tracking data can inadvertently reveal sensitive user information if not properly protected. Current…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Paul Maynard , Harris Amjad , Camila Molinares , Bo Ji , Brendan David-John

A vision-based keystroke inference attack is a side-channel attack in which an attacker uses an optical device to record users on their mobile devices and infer their keystrokes. The threat space for these attacks has been studied in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-15 John Lim , True Price , Fabian Monrose , Jan-Michael Frahm

Prolonged exposure to virtual reality (VR) systems leads to visual fatigue, impairs user comfort, performance, and safety, particularly in high-stakes or long-duration applications. Existing fatigue detection approaches rely on subjective…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Numan Zafar , Johnathan Locke , Shafique Ahmad Chaudhry

Over the past decade, the demand for communication devices has increased among individuals with mobility and speech impairments. Eye-gaze tracking has emerged as a promising solution for hands-free communication; however, traditional…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Yogesh Kumar Meena , Manish Salvi

Gaze-tracking is a novel way of interacting with computers which allows new scenarios, such as enabling people with motor-neuron disabilities to control their computers or doctors to interact with patient information without touching screen…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Jatin Sharma , Jon Campbell , Pete Ansell , Jay Beavers , Christopher O'Dowd

Gaze prediction plays a critical role in Virtual Reality (VR) applications by reducing sensor-induced latency and enabling computationally demanding techniques such as foveated rendering, which rely on anticipating user attention. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Christos Petrou , Harris Partaourides , Athanasios Balomenos , Yannis Kopsinis , Sotirios Chatzis

As Augmented Reality (AR) devices become more prevalent and commercially viable, the need for quick, efficient, and secure schemes for pairing these devices has become more pressing. Current methods to securely exchange holograms require…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Matthew Corbett , Jiacheng Shang , Bo Ji

The gaze behavior of virtual avatars is critical to social presence and perceived eye contact during social interactions in Virtual Reality. Virtual Reality headsets are being designed with integrated eye tracking to enable compelling…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-03-10 Brendan John , Sophie Jörg , Sanjeev Koppal , Eakta Jain

Multimodal large language models (LMMs) excel in world knowledge and problem-solving abilities. Through the use of a world-facing camera and contextual AI, emerging smart accessories aim to provide a seamless interface between humans and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Robert Konrad , Nitish Padmanaban , J. Gabriel Buckmaster , Kevin C. Boyle , Gordon Wetzstein
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