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We introduce GVGAI-LLM, a video game benchmark for evaluating the reasoning and problem-solving capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Built on the General Video Game AI framework, it features a diverse collection of arcade-style…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yuchen Li , Cong Lin , Muhammad Umair Nasir , Philip Bontrager , Jialin Liu , Julian Togelius

This paper investigates the performance of different general-game-playing heuristics for games in the Ludii general game system. Based on these results, we train several regression learning models to predict the performance of these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Matthew Stephenson , Dennis J. N. J. Soemers , Eric Piette , Cameron Browne

This paper introduces a fully automatic method for generating video game tutorials. The AtDELFI system (AuTomatically DEsigning Legible, Full Instructions for games) was created to investigate procedural generation of instructions that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-19 Michael Cerny Green , Ahmed Khalifa , Gabriella A. B. Barros , Tiago Machado , Andy Nealen , Julian Togelius

Text-to-level generation aims to translate natural language descriptions into structured game levels, enabling intuitive control over procedural content generation. While prior text-to-level generators are typically limited to a single game…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 In-Chang Baek , Jiyun Jung , Geum-Hwan Hwang , Sung-Hyun Kim , Kyung-Joong Kim

We present a generative optimization approach for learning game-playing agents, where policies are represented as Python programs and refined using large language models (LLMs). Our method treats decision-making policies as self-evolving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Zhiyi Kuang , Ryan Rong , YuCheng Yuan , Allen Nie

Large Language Models (LLMs) reasoning abilities are increasingly being applied to classical board and card games, but the dominant approach -- involving prompting for direct move generation -- has significant drawbacks. It relies on the…

While general game playing is an active field of research, the learning of game design has tended to be either a secondary goal of such research or it has been solely the domain of humans. We propose a field of research, Automated Game…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-07-12 Joseph C Osborn , Adam Summerville , Michael Mateas

Procedurally generated video game content has the potential to drastically reduce the content creation budget of game developers and large studios. However, adoption is hindered by limitations such as slow generation, as well as low quality…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-04-15 Michael Beukman , Christopher W Cleghorn , Steven James

We attempt to automate various artistic processes by inventing a set of drawing games, analogous to the approach taken by emergent language research in inventing communication games. A critical difference is that drawing games demand much…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-11 Chrisantha Fernando , Daria Zenkova , Stanislav Nikolov , Simon Osindero

We introduce GamEDAI, a hierarchical multi-agent framework that transforms instructor-provided questions into fully playable, pedagogically grounded educational games validated through formal mechanic contracts. Built on phase-based…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Shiven Agarwal , Yash Shah , Ashish Raj Shekhar , Priyanuj Bordoloi , Vivek Gupta

Recent advancements have expanded the role of Large Language Models in board games from playing agents to creative co-designers. However, a critical gap remains: current systems lack the capacity to offer constructive critique grounded in…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Zizhen Li , Chuanhao Li , Yibin Wang , Yukang Feng , Jianwen Sun , Jiaxin Ai , Fanrui Zhang , Mingzhu Sun , Yifei Huang , Kaipeng Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have proven to be useful tools in various domains outside of the field of their inception, which was natural language processing. In this study, we provide practical directions on how to use LLMs to generate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Muhammad U Nasir , Julian Togelius

Automated game design (AGD), the study of automatically generating game rules, has a long history in technical games research. AGD approaches generally rely on approximations of human play, either objective functions or AI agents. Despite…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Johor Jara Gonzalez , Seth Cooper , Matthew Guzdial

The Instruction-Driven Game Engine (IDGE) project aims to democratize game development by enabling a large language model (LLM) to follow free-form game rules and autonomously generate game-play processes. The IDGE allows users to create…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Hongqiu Wu , Yan Wang , Xingyuan Liu , Hai Zhao , Min Zhang

We propose a new General Game Playing (GGP) system called Regular Games (RG). The main goal of RG is to be both computationally efficient and convenient for game design. The system consists of several languages. The core component is a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Radosław Miernik , Marek Szykuła , Jakub Kowalski , Jakub Cieśluk , Łukasz Galas , Wojciech Pawlik

This paper introduces the Procedural Content Generation Benchmark for evaluating generative algorithms on different game content creation tasks. The benchmark comes with 12 game-related problems with multiple variants on each problem.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Ahmed Khalifa , Roberto Gallotta , Matthew Barthet , Antonios Liapis , Julian Togelius , Georgios N. Yannakakis

Many advancements have been made in procedural content generation for games, and with mixed-initiative co-creativity, have the potential for great benefits to human designers. However, co-creative systems for game generation are typically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Rohan Agarwal , Zhiyu Lin , Mark Riedl

Procedural content generation in video games has a long history. Existing procedural content generation methods, such as search-based, solver-based, rule-based and grammar-based methods have been applied to various content types such as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Jialin Liu , Sam Snodgrass , Ahmed Khalifa , Sebastian Risi , Georgios N. Yannakakis , Julian Togelius

This paper introduces a system used to generate game feature suggestions based on a text prompt. Trained on the game descriptions of almost 60k games, it uses the word embeddings of a small GLoVe model to extract features and entities found…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-29 M Charity , Yash Bhartia , Daniel Zhang , Ahmed Khalifa , Julian Togelius

Games have long been used as benchmarks and testing environments for research in artificial intelligence. A key step in supporting this research was the development of game description languages: frameworks that compile domain-specific code…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Graham Todd , Alexander G. Padula , Dennis J. N. J. Soemers , Julian Togelius