Related papers: The Negative Energy Sea
We give a rigorous construction of the Dirac Sea for the fermionic quantization in the non-separable Hilbert spaces. These CAR-representations depend on the Axiom of Choice, hence are not unique, nevertheless they are unitarily equivalent…
In 1927 the great physicist Paul A. M. Dirac failed to provide a consistent quantum description of the phase of a radiation field. Only one year later, he developed the famous Dirac theory of the electron, which led to the anti-particle --…
We introduce a new formulation of the real-spectral-triple formalism in non-commutative geometry (NCG): we explain its mathematical advantages and its success in capturing the structure of the standard model of particle physics. The idea,…
The dimensionless electromagnetic coupling constant $\alpha=e^2 /\hbar c$ may have three interpretations: as the well known ratio between the electron charge radius $e^2/mc^2$ and the Compton wavelength of electron $\lambda_c= \hbar /mc$,…
A relativistic equation is deduced for the bound state of two particles, by assuming a proper boundary condition for the propagation of the negative-energy states. It reduces to the (one-body)Dirac equation in the infinite limit of one of…
By replacing the field of complex numbers with the commutative ring of bicomplex numbers, we attempt to construct interacting scalar quantum field theories that feature both positive- and negative-energy states. This work places the…
This work is motivated by the long-standing question about the internal stability of the electron. While one cannot investigate internal properties of a point-like particle, it is fair to analyze the response of the Dirac sea to an…
Several stationary solutions of the low energy string equations are dualized with respect to their timelike symmetry. Many of the duals have simple physical interpretations. Those of the nonextremal three dimensional black hole and black…
A relativistic equation is deduced for the bound state of two particles, by assuming a proper boundary condition for the propagation of the negative-energy states. It reduces to the (one-body)Dirac equation in the infinite limit of one of…
This article investigates some solutions of the time-dependent free Dirac equation. Visualizations of these solutions immediately reveal strange phenomena that are caused by the interference of positive- and negative-energy waves. The…
We present new aspects of the electromagnetic field by introducting the natural potentials. These natural potentials are suitable for constructing the first order distortions of the metric tensor of Complex Relativity - the theory combining…
We advance here our neoclassical theory of elementary charges by integrating into it the concept of spin of 1/2. The developed spinorial version of our theory has many important features identical to those of the Dirac theory such as the…
In the hadrodynamics (QHD) there are two methods to take account of the contribution of negative-energy states in the relativistic random phase approximation (RRPA). Dawson and Furnstahl made the ansatz that the Dirac sea were empty, while…
We demonstrate the existence of a complex Hilbert Space with Hermitian operators for calculations in \textit{classical} electromagnetism that parallels the Hilbert Space of quantum mechanics. The axioms of this classical theory are the…
In quantum field theory there exist states for which the energy density is negative. It is important that these negative energy densities satisfy constraints, such as quantum inequalities, to minimize possible violations of causality, the…
We introduce a new dynamical group whose coadjoint action on its momentum space takes account of matter-antimatter symmetry on pure geometrical grounds. According to this description the energy and the spin are unchanged under…
"Negative energy" has been one of the most enduring puzzles in quantum theory, whereas the present work reveals that it actually plays a central role in clarifying various controversies of quantum theory. The basic idea is contained in a…
It was shown in work \cite{vergeles2021note} that in the theory of gravity coupled with the Dirac field, each state $|\lambda\rangle$ has its own twin $|\lambda;PT\rangle$, which is obtained by a discrete PT transformation. If in the state…
Using a Dirac-matrix substitution rule, applied to the electric charge, the anomalous magnetic moments of fermions are incorporated in local form in the two-body relativistic wave equations of constraint theory. The structure of the…
We discuss quantization of Dirac spinors with action which is the negative of the standard action. Using the Keldysh QFT formulation, we show that the standard quantization of such Keldysh spinors results in the Hamiltonian bounded from…