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For common notions of correlated equilibrium in extensive-form games, computing an optimal (e.g., welfare-maximizing) equilibrium is NP-hard. Other equilibrium notions -- communication (Forges 1986) and certification (Forges & Koessler…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-12-02 Brian Hu Zhang , Tuomas Sandholm

We propose efficient no-regret learning dynamics and ellipsoid-based methods for computing linear correlated equilibria$\unicode{x2014}$a relaxation of correlated equilibria and a strengthening of coarse correlated…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Constantinos Daskalakis , Gabriele Farina , Maxwell Fishelson , Charilaos Pipis , Jon Schneider

This paper considers the problem of designing optimal algorithms for reinforcement learning in two-player zero-sum games. We focus on self-play algorithms which learn the optimal policy by playing against itself without any direct…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-15 Yu Bai , Chi Jin , Tiancheng Yu

Extensive-form games are a common model for multiagent interactions with imperfect information. In two-player zero-sum games, the typical solution concept is a Nash equilibrium over the unconstrained strategy set for each player. In many…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2019-02-07 Trevor Davis , Kevin Waugh , Michael Bowling

This paper resolves the open question of designing near-optimal algorithms for learning imperfect-information extensive-form games from bandit feedback. We present the first line of algorithms that require only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Yu Bai , Chi Jin , Song Mei , Tiancheng Yu

A new solution concept for two-player zero-sum matrix games with multi-dimensional payoff is introduced. It is based on extensions of vector orders in K-dimensional spaces to order relations in their power sets, so-called set relations, and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-01-31 Andreas H. Hamel , Andreas Loehne

We compute equilibrium strategies in multi-stage games with continuous signal and action spaces as they are widely used in the management sciences and economics. Examples include sequential sales via auctions, multi-stage elimination…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Fabian R. Pieroth , Nils Kohring , Martin Bichler

We investigate a class of reinforcement learning dynamics where players adjust their strategies based on their actions' cumulative payoffs over time - specifically, by playing mixed strategies that maximize their expected cumulative payoff…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-02-10 Panayotis Mertikopoulos , William H. Sandholm

In this work, we propose, for the first time, a reinforcement learning framework specifically designed for zero-sum linear-quadratic stochastic differential games. This approach offers a generalized solution for scenarios in which accurate…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-10 Yiyuan Wang

Offline learning has become widely used due to its ability to derive effective policies from offline datasets gathered by expert demonstrators without interacting with the environment directly. Recent research has explored various ways to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Shiqi Lei , Kanghoon Lee , Linjing Li , Jinkyoo Park , Jiachen Li

Nash equilibrium is one of the most influential solution concepts in game theory. With the development of computer science and artificial intelligence, there is an increasing demand on Nash equilibrium computation, especially for Internet…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Hanyu Li , Wenhan Huang , Zhijian Duan , David Henry Mguni , Kun Shao , Jun Wang , Xiaotie Deng

Subgame solving is a technique for scaling algorithms to large games by locally refining a precomputed blueprint strategy during gameplay. While straightforward in perfect-information games where search starts from the current state,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Ondrej Kubicek , Viliam Lisy , Tuomas Sandholm

In this paper, we present exploitability descent, a new algorithm to compute approximate equilibria in two-player zero-sum extensive-form games with imperfect information, by direct policy optimization against worst-case opponents. We prove…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-15 Edward Lockhart , Marc Lanctot , Julien Pérolat , Jean-Baptiste Lespiau , Dustin Morrill , Finbarr Timbers , Karl Tuyls

Although recent work in AI has made great progress in solving large, zero-sum, extensive-form games, the underlying assumption in most past work is that the parameters of the game itself are known to the agents. This paper deals with the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-29 Chun Kai Ling , Fei Fang , J. Zico Kolter

Regret minimization is a general approach to online optimization which plays a crucial role in many algorithms for approximating Nash equilibria in two-player zero-sum games. The literature mainly focuses on solving individual games in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-29 David Sychrovský , Martin Schmid , Michal Šustr , Michael Bowling

Game-theoretic techniques and equilibria analysis facilitate the design and verification of competitive systems. While algorithmic complexity of equilibria computation has been extensively studied, practical implementation and application…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Marta Kwiatkowska , Gethin Norman , David Parker , Gabriel Santos

We study best-response type learning dynamics for zero-sum polymatrix games under two information settings. The two settings are distinguished by the type of information that each player has about the game and their opponents' strategy. The…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-08-13 Fathima Zarin Faizal , Asuman Ozdaglar , Martin J. Wainwright

The behaviour of multi-agent learning in competitive settings is often considered under the restrictive assumption of a zero-sum game. Only under this strict requirement is the behaviour of learning well understood; beyond this, learning…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Aamal Hussain , Francesco Belardinelli , Georgios Piliouras

We describe an algorithm for computing best response strategies in a class of two-player infinite games of incomplete information, defined by payoffs piecewise linear in agents' types and actions, conditional on linear comparisons of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2012-07-19 Daniel Reeves , Michael P. Wellman

We study equilibrium computation with extensive-form correlation in two-player turn-taking stochastic games. Our main results are two-fold: (1) We give an algorithm for computing a Stackelberg extensive-form correlated equilibrium (SEFCE),…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Hanrui Zhang , Yu Cheng , Vincent Conitzer