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The RoboCup 3D Soccer Simulation League serves as a competitive platform for showcasing innovation in autonomous humanoid robot agents through simulated soccer matches. Our team, FC Portugal, developed a new codebase from scratch in Python…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Miguel Abreu , Luis Paulo Reis , Nuno Lau

This paper presents the concepts of Artificial Intelligence, Multi-Agent-Systems, Coordination, Intelligent Robotics and Deep Reinforcement Learning. Emphasis is given on and how AI and DRL, may be efficiently used to create efficient robot…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Luis Paulo Reis

In LegenDary project, we started a new research based on Agent2D in RoboCup 2D soccer simulation. In this paper, we mainly present the team algorithms and structures which we used to develop our team in separated section. We have focused on…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-04-18 Pourya Saljoughi , Reza Ma'anijou , Ehsan Fouladi , Narges Majidi , Saber Yaghoobi , Houman Fallah , Saeideh Zahedi

In the current level of evolution of Soccer 3D, motion control is a key factor in team's performance. Recent works takes advantages of model-free approaches based on Machine Learning to exploit robot dynamics in order to obtain faster…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-10-24 Luckeciano C. Melo , Marcos R. O. A. Maximo

Soccer Simulation 2D League is one of the major leagues of RoboCup competitions. In a Soccer Simulation 2D (SS2D) game, two teams of 11 players and one coach compete against each other. The players are only allowed to communicate with the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Nader Zare , Arad Firouzkouhi , Omid Amini , Mahtab Sarvmaili , Aref Sayareh , Saba Ramezani Rad , Stan Matwin , Amilcar Soares

Achieving coordinated teamwork among legged robots requires both fine-grained locomotion control and long-horizon strategic decision-making. Robot soccer offers a compelling testbed for this challenge, combining dynamic, competitive, and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Zhi Su , Yuman Gao , Emily Lukas , Yunfei Li , Jiaze Cai , Faris Tulbah , Fei Gao , Chao Yu , Zhongyu Li , Yi Wu , Koushil Sreenath

We review disruptive innovations introduced in the RoboCup 2D Soccer Simulation League over the twenty years since its inception, and trace the progress of our champion team (Gliders). We conjecture that the League has been developing as an…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2016-12-06 Mikhail Prokopenko , Peter Wang

Recent progress in the field of reinforcement learning has been accelerated by virtual learning environments such as video games, where novel algorithms and ideas can be quickly tested in a safe and reproducible manner. We introduce the…

Intelligent behaviour in the physical world exhibits structure at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Although movements are ultimately executed at the level of instantaneous muscle tensions or joint torques, they must be selected to…

The RoboCup competitions hold various leagues, and the Soccer Simulation 2D League is a major one among them. Soccer Simulation 2D (SS2D) match involves two teams, including 11 players and a coach, competing against each other. The players…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Aref Sayareh , Nader Zare , Omid Amini , Arad Firouzkouhi , Mahtab Sarvmaili , Stan Matwin

RoboCup represents an International testbed for advancing research in AI and robotics, focusing on a definite goal: developing a robot team that can win against the human world soccer champion team by the year 2050. To achieve this goal,…

Physically-realistic simulated environments are powerful platforms for enabling measurable, replicable and statistically-robust investigation of complex robotic systems. Such environments are epitomised by the RoboCup simulation leagues,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2014-12-19 David M Budden , Peter Wang , Oliver Obst , Mikhail Prokopenko

Over the past few years, soccer-playing humanoid robots have advanced significantly. Elementary skills, such as bipedal walking, visual perception, and collision avoidance have matured enough to allow for dynamic and exciting games. When…

Soccer presents a significant challenge for humanoid robots, demanding tightly integrated perception-action capabilities for tasks like perception-guided kicking and whole-body balance control. Existing approaches suffer from inter-module…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Jipeng Kong , Xinzhe Liu , Yuhang Lin , Jinrui Han , Sören Schwertfeger , Chenjia Bai , Xuelong Li

The development of athletic humanoid robots has gained significant attention as advances in actuation, sensing, and control enable increasingly dynamic, real-world capabilities. RoboCup, an international competition of fully autonomous…

This paper introduces SoccerDiffusion, a transformer-based diffusion model designed to learn end-to-end control policies for humanoid robot soccer directly from real-world gameplay recordings. Using data collected from RoboCup competitions,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Florian Vahl , Jörn Griepenburg , Jan Gutsche , Jasper Güldenstein , Jianwei Zhang

RoboCup offers a set of benchmark problems for Artificial Intelligence in form of official world championships since 1997. The most tactical advanced and richest in terms of behavioural complexity of these is the 2D Soccer Simulation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-08-22 Olivia Michael , Oliver Obst

Humanoid soccer poses a representative challenge for embodied intelligence, requiring robots to operate within a tightly coupled perception-action loop. However, existing systems typically rely on decoupled modules, resulting in delayed…

This thesis work presents a more efficient and effective approach to training control-related tasks for humanoid robots using Reinforcement Learning (RL). The traditional RL methods are limited in adapting to real-world environments,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Jonathan Spraggett

Soccer Simulation 2D (SS2D) is a simulation of a real soccer game in two dimensions. In soccer, passing behavior is an essential action for keeping the ball in possession of our team and creating goal opportunities. Similarly, for SS2D,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Nader Zare , Mahtab Sarvmaili , Aref Sayareh , Omid Amini , Stan Matwin Amilcar Soares
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