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The notion of a braid is generalized into two and three dimensions. Two-dimensional braids are described by braid monodromies or graphics called charts. In this paper we introduce the notion of curtains, and show that three-dimensional…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2013-12-20 J. Scott Carter , Seiichi Kamada

For a simple graph $G$, the $3$-distance graph, $D_3(G)$, is a graph with the vertex set $V(G)$ and two vertices are adjacent if and only if their distance is $3$ in the graph $G$. For a connected graph $G$, we provide some conditions for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-03-12 S. R. Musawi , S. H. Jafari

In this article we give a necessary and sufficient condition to characterize projective submanifolds in ${\mathbb P}^N$ with codimensions 2 and 3. The conditions involve the Chern classes of the manifold and a very ample line bundle on the…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2020-07-21 Ping Li , Fangyang Zheng

In this paper we consider Contact graphs of Paths on a Grid (CPG graphs), i.e. graphs for which there exists a family of interiorly disjoint paths on a grid in one-to-one correspondence with their vertex set such that two vertices are…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2018-09-07 Zakir Deniz , Esther Galby , Andrea Munaro , Bernard Ries

The structure of the character degree graphs $\Delta(G)$, i.e. the prime graphs on the set $\mathrm{cd}(G)$ of the irreducible character degrees of a finite group $G$, such that $G$ is solvable and $\Delta(G)$ has diameter three, remains an…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2024-03-01 Silvio Dolfi , Roghayeh Hafezieh , Pablo Spiga

Conformal geodesics form an invariantly defined family of unparametrized curves in a conformal manifold generalizing unparametrized geodesics/paths of projective connections. The equation describing them is of third order, and it was an…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2026-04-07 Boris Kruglikov , Vladimir S. Matveev , Wijnand Steneker

On real hypersurfaces in complex space forms many results are proven. In this paper we generalize some results concerning extrinsic geometry of real hypersurfaces, to CR submanifolds of maximal CR dimension in complex space forms.

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2010-12-30 Mirjana Milijevic

Classical path search assumes complete graphs and scalar optimization metrics, yet real infrastructure networks are incomplete and require multi-dimensional evaluation. We introduce the concept of traversal: a generalization of paths that…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Nicolas Tacheny

In this work we discuss the dynamics of a three dimensional chain which is described by generalized nonlinear sigma model The formula of the probability distribution of two topologically entangled chain is provided. The interesting case of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-08-23 Franco Ferrari , Jaroslaw Paturej , Thomas A. Vilgis

We compute the projective dimension and regularity of $3$-path ideals of arbitrary graphs with at most one cycle.

Commutative Algebra · Mathematics 2024-02-27 Nguyen Thu Hang , Thanh Vu

Path graphs are intersection graphs of paths in a tree.~In this paper we give a "6\ good characterization" of path graphs, namely, we prove that path graph membership is in $NP\cap CoNP$ without resorting to existing polynomial time…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Nicola Apollonio , Lorenzo Balzotti

A novel family of integrable third order maps is presented. Each map possesses, by construction, a pair of rational invariants and a commuting map from the same class. The 3-dimensional invariant curve is parametrized, in general, by an…

Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems · Physics 2007-05-23 V. E. Adler

In this investigation we study a family of networks, called spiders, which covers a range of networks going from chains to complete graphs. These spiders are characterized by three parameters: the number of nodes in the core, the number of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-10-15 Leo Egghe , Li Li , Ronald Rousseau

We characterize certain CR structures of arbitrary codimension (different from 3, 4 and 5) on Riemannian Spin$^c$ manifolds by the existence of a Spin$^c$ structure carrying a strictly partially pure spinor field. Furthermore, we study the…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2016-11-11 Rafael Hererra , Roger Nakad

We classify the normal CR structures on $S^3$ and their automorphism groups. Together with [3], this closes the classification of normal CR structures on contact 3-manifolds. We give a criterion to compare 2 normal CR structures, and we…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Florin Alexandru Belgun

Inspired by the modelization of 2D materials systems, we characterize arrangements of identical nonflat squares in 3D. We prove that the fine geometry of such arrangements is completely characterized in terms of patterns of mutual…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2021-08-05 Manuel Friedrich , Manuel Seitz , Ulisse Stefanelli

Network models with latent geometry have been used successfully in many applications in network science and other disciplines, yet it is usually impossible to tell if a given real network is geometric, meaning if it is a typical element in…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-05-23 Dmitri Krioukov

Cyclomatic complexity is an incompletely specified but mathematically principled software metric that can be usefully applied to both source and binary code. We consider the application of path homology as a stronger analogue of cyclomatic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-08-28 Steve Huntsman

It is well-known that 7-dimensional 3-Sasakian manifolds carry a one-parametric family of compatible G_2 structures and that they do not admit a characteristic connection. In this note, we show that there is nevertheless a distinguished…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2015-05-13 Ilka Agricola , Thomas Friedrich

We study three-dimensional path geometries with nontrivial torsion of maximal rank. We introduce the notion of constant torsion and show that such path geometries are in one-to-one correspondence with certain cone structures modeled on…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2025-08-15 Wojciech Kryński