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Sports betting's recent federal legalisation in the USA coincides with the golden age of machine learning. If bettors can leverage data to reliably predict the probability of an outcome, they can recognise when the bookmaker's odds are in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Conor Walsh , Alok Joshi

This paper employs a Skellam process to represent real-time betting odds for English Premier League (EPL) soccer games. Given a matrix of market odds on all possible score outcomes, we estimate the expected scoring rates for each team. The…

Applications · Statistics 2017-04-03 Guanhao Feng , Nicholas G. Polson , Jianeng Xu

Most betting market models employ static frameworks that condition decisions on final odds. Using a unique dataset of interim odds from Japanese horse racing, this study examines the validity of such static analyses by asking whether there…

General Economics · Economics 2025-09-19 Hiroaki Hanyu , Shunsuke Ishii , Suguru Otani , Kazuhiro Teramoto

Inefficient markets allow investors to consistently outperform the market. To demonstrate that inefficiencies exist in sports betting markets, we created a betting algorithm that generates above market returns for the NFL, NBA, NCAAF,…

General Economics · Economics 2019-10-24 Sathya Ramesh , Ragib Mostofa , Marco Bornstein , John Dobelman

In the UK betting market, bookmakers often offer a free coupon to new customers. These free coupons allow the customer to place extra bets, at lower risk, in combination with the usual betting odds. We are interested in whether a customer…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2019-07-01 Nawapon Nakharutai , Camila C. S. Caiado , Matthias C. M. Troffaes

For NCAA football, we provide a method for sports bettors to determine if they have a positive expected value bet based on the betting lines available to them and how they believe the game will end. The method we develop modifies…

Applications · Statistics 2022-12-19 Ryan Sides , Jane L. Harvill

An accumulator is a bet that presents a rather unique payout structure, in that it combines multiple bets into a wager that can generate a total payout given by the multiplication of the individual odds of its parts. These potentially…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Nassim Dehouche

Preferences for mixing can reveal ambiguity perception and attitude on a single event. The validity of the approach is discussed for multiple preference classes including maxmin, maxmax, variational, and smooth second-order preferences. An…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-08-16 Patrick Schmidt

We investigated the temporal distribution of goals in soccer using event-level data from 3,433 matches across 21 leagues and competitions. Contrary to the prevailing notion of randomness, we found that the probability of a goal being scored…

In this research, we examine the capabilities of different mathematical models to accurately predict various levels of the English football pyramid. Existing work has largely focused on top-level play in European leagues; however, our work…

Forecasting sporting events encapsulate a compelling intellectual endeavor, underscored by the substantial financial activity of an estimated $80 billion wagered in global sports betting during 2022, a trend that grows yearly. Motivated by…

Financial and gambling markets are ostensibly similar and hence strategies from one could potentially be applied to the other. Financial markets have been extensively studied, resulting in numerous theorems and models, while gambling…

Statistical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-05-13 Haoyu Liu , Carl Donovan , Valentin Popov

Prediction markets provide an efficient means to assess uncertain quantities from forecasters. Traditional and competitive strictly proper scoring rules have been shown to incentivize players to provide truthful probabilistic forecasts.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2012-02-20 SangIn Chun , Ross D. Shachter

The sports betting industry has experienced rapid growth, driven largely by technological advancements and the proliferation of online platforms. Machine learning (ML) has played a pivotal role in the transformation of this sector by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 René Manassé Galekwa , Jean Marie Tshimula , Etienne Gael Tajeuna , Kyamakya Kyandoghere

We develop a systematic approach to quantum probability as a theory of rational betting in quantum gambles. In these games of chance the agent is betting in advance on the outcomes of several (finitely many) incompatible measurements. One…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 I. Pitowsky

This paper investigates the Tennis Momentum Model (TMM), which aims to enhance the understanding of match dynamics by integrating key factors such as efficiency, historical scoring probabilities, and real-time scoring data. The model is…

Applications · Statistics 2025-09-30 Jackson Graves , Daniel X. Guo , Ridge Shepherd , Alexander Young

The paper underscores how decentralization in sports betting addresses the drawbacks of traditional centralized platforms, ensuring transparency, security, and lower fees. Non-custodial solutions empower bettors with ownership of funds,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Daniel Jiwoong Im , Alexander Kondratskiy , Vincent Harvey , Hsuan-Wei Fu

Large language models are increasingly used to evaluate other models, yet these judgments typically lack any representation of confidence. This pilot study tests whether framing an evaluation task as a betting game (a fictional prediction…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Michael Todasco

Tanking, the act of deliberately dropping points or losing a game in order to gain some other advantage, is usually seen as being against the spirit of sports. It can be even more serious if playing a draw is a (weakly) dominant strategy…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-08-26 László Csató

UEFA declares that it is committed to respecting the fundamental values of sports. However, the qualification rules of the post-2024 UEFA Champions League are shown to be unfair: a game with misaligned incentives was narrowly avoided in the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-04-02 László Csató , Sergey Ilyin