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We introduce GVGAI-LLM, a video game benchmark for evaluating the reasoning and problem-solving capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Built on the General Video Game AI framework, it features a diverse collection of arcade-style…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yuchen Li , Cong Lin , Muhammad Umair Nasir , Philip Bontrager , Jialin Liu , Julian Togelius

We introduce language-based games, a generalization of psychological games [6] that can also capture reference-dependent preferences [7]. The idea is to extend the domain of the utility function to situations, maximal consistent sets in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2013-10-28 Adam Bjorndahl , Joseph Y. Halpern , Rafael Pass

We propose the study of mathematical ludology, which aims to formally interrogate questions of interest to game studies and game design in particular. The goal is to extend our mathematical understanding of complex games beyond…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Paul Riggins , David McPherson

We present a new general board game (GBG) playing and learning framework. GBG defines the common interfaces for board games, game states and their AI agents. It allows one to run competitions of different agents on different games. It…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Wolfgang Konen

Game theory is a powerful framework for reasoning about strategic interactions, with applications in domains ranging from day-to-day life to international politics. However, applying formal reasoning tools in such contexts is challenging,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Agnieszka Mensfelt , Kostas Stathis , Vince Trencsenyi

We present an experimental comparison of the efficiency of three General Game Playing systems in their current versions: Regular Boardgames (RBG 1.0), Ludii~0.3.0, and a Game Description Language (GDL) propnet. We show that in general, RBG…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-10-07 Jakub Kowalski , Maksymilian Mika , Jakub Sutowicz , Marek Szykuła

Ludii is a general game system being developed as part of the ERC-funded Digital Ludeme Project (DLP). While its primary aim is to model, play, and analyse the full range of traditional strategy games, Ludii also has the potential to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Matthew Stephenson , Éric Piette , Dennis J. N. J. Soemers , Cameron Browne

We develop methods to formally describe and compare games, in order to probe questions of game structure and design, and as a stepping stone to predicting player behavior from design patterns. We define a grammar-like formalism to describe…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Paul Riggins , David McPherson

Game environments provide rich, controllable settings that stimulate many aspects of real-world complexity. As such, game agents offer a valuable testbed for exploring capabilities relevant to Artificial General Intelligence. Recently, the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Sihao Hu , Tiansheng Huang , Gaowen Liu , Ramana Rao Kompella , Fatih Ilhan , Selim Furkan Tekin , Yichang Xu , Zachary Yahn , Ling Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have taken the world by storm by making many previously difficult uses of AI feasible. LLMs are controlled via highly expressive textual prompts and return textual answers. Unfortunately, this unstructured text…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Mandana Vaziri , Louis Mandel , Claudio Spiess , Martin Hirzel

Recent years have seen an explosive increase in research on large language models (LLMs), and accompanying public engagement on the topic. While starting as a niche area within natural language processing, LLMs have shown remarkable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Roberto Gallotta , Graham Todd , Marvin Zammit , Sam Earle , Antonios Liapis , Julian Togelius , Georgios N. Yannakakis

We will reduce the task of creating AI to the task of finding an appropriate language for description of the world. This will not be a programing language because programing languages describe only computable functions, while our language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Dimiter Dobrev

We present the technical side of reasoning in Regular Boardgames (RBG) language -- a universal General Game Playing (GGP) formalism for the class of finite deterministic games with perfect information, encoding rules in the form of regular…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Jakub Kowalski , Radosław Miernik , Maksymilian Mika , Wojciech Pawlik , Jakub Sutowicz , Marek Szykuła , Andrzej Tkaczyk

Differential game logic (dGL) is a logic for specifying and verifying properties of hybrid games, i.e. games that combine discrete, continuous, and adversarial dynamics. Unlike hybrid systems, hybrid games allow choices in the system…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-11-20 André Platzer

This paper examines the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) from a novel perspective, focusing on their ability to operate within formally specified, rule-governed environments. We evaluate four LLMs (Gemini 2.5 Pro and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Maciej Świechowski , Adam Żychowski , Jacek Mańdziuk

Large Language Models (LLMs) reasoning abilities are increasingly being applied to classical board and card games, but the dominant approach -- involving prompting for direct move generation -- has significant drawbacks. It relies on the…

Formal models of games help us account for and predict behavior, leading to more robust and innovative designs. While the games research community has proposed many formalisms for both the "game half" (game models, game description…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-03-17 Chris Martens , Matthew A. Hammer

While general game playing is an active field of research, the learning of game design has tended to be either a secondary goal of such research or it has been solely the domain of humans. We propose a field of research, Automated Game…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-07-12 Joseph C Osborn , Adam Summerville , Michael Mateas

While artificial intelligence (AI) technology is becoming increasingly popular, its underlying mechanisms tend to remain opaque to most people. To address this gap, the field of AI literacy aims to develop various resources to teach people…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Allison Chen , Isabella Pu

This paper presents a novel framework for automated game template generation by transforming Game Design Documents (GDDs) into functional Unity game prototypes using Natural Language Processing (NLP) and multi-modal Large Language Models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Amna Hassan