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It is a long-standing goal of artificial intelligence (AI) to be superior to human beings in decision making. Games are suitable for testing AI capabilities of making good decisions in non-numerical tasks. In this paper, we develop a new AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-16 Ran Tian , Nan Li , Ilya Kolmanovsky , Anouck Girard

In the realm of artificial intelligence and card games, this study introduces a two-step reinforcement learning (RL) strategy tailored for "The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game (LOTRCG)," a complex multistage strategy card game. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Konrad Godlewski , Bartosz Sawicki

Recent breakthroughs in AI for multi-agent games like Go, Poker, and Dota, have seen great strides in recent years. Yet none of these games address the real-life challenge of cooperation in the presence of unknown and uncertain teammates.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-07 Jack Serrino , Max Kleiman-Weiner , David C. Parkes , Joshua B. Tenenbaum

In combination with Reinforcement Learning, Monte-Carlo Tree Search has shown to outperform human grandmasters in games such as Chess, Shogi and Go with little to no prior domain knowledge. However, most classical use cases only feature up…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Jannis Weil , Johannes Czech , Tobias Meuser , Kristian Kersting

This paper introduces MazeBase: an environment for simple 2D games, designed as a sandbox for machine learning approaches to reasoning and planning. Within it, we create 10 simple games embodying a range of algorithmic tasks (e.g. if-then…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-01-08 Sainbayar Sukhbaatar , Arthur Szlam , Gabriel Synnaeve , Soumith Chintala , Rob Fergus

In recent years, Reinforcement Learning (RL) has seen increasing popularity in research and popular culture. However, skepticism still surrounds the practicality of RL in modern video game development. In this paper, we demonstrate by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-14 Nancy Iskander , Aurelien Simoni , Eloi Alonso , Maxim Peter

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has demonstrated significant potential in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, the success of RL for LLMs heavily relies on human-curated datasets and verifiable rewards,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Yixing Chen , Yiding Wang , Siqi Zhu , Haofei Yu , Tao Feng , Muhan Zhang , Mostofa Patwary , Jiaxuan You

Recent progress in artificial intelligence through reinforcement learning (RL) has shown great success on increasingly complex single-agent environments and two-player turn-based games. However, the real-world contains multiple agents, each…

We present a method to automatically find security strategies for the use case of intrusion prevention. Following this method, we model the interaction between an attacker and a defender as a Markov game and let attack and defense…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Kim Hammar , Rolf Stadler

Yahtzee is a classic dice game with a stochastic, combinatorial structure and delayed rewards, making it an interesting mid-scale RL benchmark. While an optimal policy for solitaire Yahtzee can be computed using dynamic programming methods,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Nicholas A. Pape

RLCard is an open-source toolkit for reinforcement learning research in card games. It supports various card environments with easy-to-use interfaces, including Blackjack, Leduc Hold'em, Texas Hold'em, UNO, Dou Dizhu and Mahjong. The goal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-17 Daochen Zha , Kwei-Herng Lai , Yuanpu Cao , Songyi Huang , Ruzhe Wei , Junyu Guo , Xia Hu

Deep reinforcement learning methods traditionally struggle with tasks where environment rewards are particularly sparse. One successful method of guiding exploration in these domains is to imitate trajectories provided by a human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-03 Yusuf Aytar , Tobias Pfaff , David Budden , Tom Le Paine , Ziyu Wang , Nando de Freitas

Reinforcement learning has shown much success in games such as chess, backgammon and Go. However, in most of these games, agents have full knowledge of the environment at all times. In this paper, we describe a deep learning model in which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Laura Greige , Peter Chin

We introduce a sampling perspective to tackle the challenging task of training robust Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents. Leveraging the powerful Stochastic Gradient Langevin Dynamics, we present a novel, scalable two-player RL algorithm,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-09 Parameswaran Kamalaruban , Yu-Ting Huang , Ya-Ping Hsieh , Paul Rolland , Cheng Shi , Volkan Cevher

The highest grossing media franchise of all times, with over \$90 billion in total revenue, is Pokemon. The video games belong to the class of Japanese Role Playing Games (J-RPG). Developing a powerful AI agent for these games is very hard…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-01-05 Nicholas R. Sarantinos

This study evaluates Artificial Intelligence (AI) agents for Dhumbal, a culturally significant multiplayer card game with imperfect information, through a systematic comparison of rule-based, search-based, and learning-based strategies. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Sahaj Raj Malla

Advances in deep reinforcement learning have allowed autonomous agents to perform well on Atari games, often outperforming humans, using only raw pixels to make their decisions. However, most of these games take place in 2D environments…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-01-30 Guillaume Lample , Devendra Singh Chaplot

We design a deep reinforcement learning algorithm to explore a high-dimensional integer lattice with sparse rewards, training a feedforward neural network as a dynamic search heuristic to steer exploration toward reward dense regions. We…

Algebraic Geometry · Mathematics 2026-03-17 Marc Truter

Reinforcement learning agents in complex game environments often suffer from sparse rewards, training instability, and poor sample efficiency. This paper presents a hybrid training approach that combines offline imitation learning with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Thomas Ackermann , Moritz Spang , Hamza A. A. Gardi

In this project, we designed an intelligent assistant player for the single-player game Space Invaders with the aim to provide a satisfying co-op experience. The agent behaviour was designed using reinforcement learning techniques and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-10 Ajay Krishnan , Niranj Jyothish , Xun Jia