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Reinforcement learning is considered to be a strong AI paradigm which can be used to teach machines through interaction with the environment and learning from their mistakes. Despite its perceived utility, it has not yet been successfully…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-04-11 Ahmad El Sallab , Mohammed Abdou , Etienne Perot , Senthil Yogamani

Self-play, a learning paradigm where agents iteratively refine their policies by interacting with historical or concurrent versions of themselves or other evolving agents, has shown remarkable success in solving complex non-cooperative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Ruize Zhang , Zelai Xu , Chengdong Ma , Chao Yu , Wei-Wei Tu , Wenhao Tang , Shiyu Huang , Deheng Ye , Wenbo Ding , Yaodong Yang , Yu Wang

Learning control policies with large discrete action spaces is a challenging problem in the field of reinforcement learning due to present inefficiencies in exploration. With high dimensional action spaces, there are a large number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Keqin Wang , Alison Bartsch , Amir Barati Farimani

We study online reinforcement learning in average-reward stochastic games (SGs). An SG models a two-player zero-sum game in a Markov environment, where state transitions and one-step payoffs are determined simultaneously by a learner and an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-12-05 Chen-Yu Wei , Yi-Te Hong , Chi-Jen Lu

Developing agents that can perform challenging complex tasks is the goal of reinforcement learning. The model-free reinforcement learning has been considered as a feasible solution. However, the state of the art research has been to develop…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-24 MyungJae Shin , Joongheon Kim

Solving complex problems using reinforcement learning necessitates breaking down the problem into manageable tasks and learning policies to solve these tasks. These policies, in turn, have to be controlled by a master policy that takes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Ambedkar Dukkipati , Rajarshi Banerjee , Ranga Shaarad Ayyagari , Dhaval Parmar Udaybhai

Traditionally, the performance of multi-agent deep reinforcement learning algorithms are demonstrated and validated in gaming environments where we often have a fixed number of agents. In many industrial applications, the number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Hamed Khorasgani , Haiyan Wang , Hsiu-Khuern Tang , Chetan Gupta

Deep Reinforcement Learning has been successfully applied in various computer games [8]. However, it is still rarely used in real-world applications, especially for the navigation and continuous control of real mobile robots [13]. Previous…

In this paper we experiment with a 2-player strategy board game where playing models are evolved using reinforcement learning and neural networks. The models are evolved to speed up automatic game development based on human involvement at…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Dimitris Kalles

Training AI with strong and rich strategies in multi-agent environments remains an important research topic in Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). The AI's strength is closely related to its diversity of strategies, and this relationship can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Chenglu Sun , Shuo Shen , Sijia Xu , Weidong Zhang

Hanabi has become a popular game for research when it comes to reinforcement learning (RL) as it is one of the few cooperative card games where you have incomplete knowledge of the entire environment, thus presenting a challenge for a RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Nina Cohen , Kordel K. France

Recently, multiple approaches for creating agents for playing various complex real-time computer games such as StarCraft II or Dota 2 were proposed, however, they either embed a significant amount of expert knowledge into the agent or use a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Michał Opanowicz

This paper introduces a new paradigm for AI game programming, leveraging large language models (LLMs) to extend and operationalize Claude Shannon's taxonomy of game-playing machines. Central to this paradigm is Nemobot, an interactive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Chee Wei Tan , Yuchen Wang , Shangxin Guo

Deep reinforcement learning is revolutionizing the artificial intelligence field. Currently, it serves as a good starting point for constructing intelligent autonomous systems which offer a better knowledge of the visual world. It is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-09-18 Mahipal Jadeja , Neelanshi Varia , Agam Shah

The real-time strategy game of StarCraft II has been posed as a challenge for reinforcement learning by Google's DeepMind. This study examines the use of an agent based on the Monte-Carlo Tree Search algorithm for optimizing the build order…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-19 Islam Elnabarawy , Kristijana Arroyo , Donald C. Wunsch

Reinforcement learning algorithms can train agents that solve problems in complex, interesting environments. Normally, the complexity of the trained agent is closely related to the complexity of the environment. This suggests that a highly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-03-16 Trapit Bansal , Jakub Pachocki , Szymon Sidor , Ilya Sutskever , Igor Mordatch

A key task in Artificial Intelligence is learning effective policies for controlling agents in unknown environments to optimize performance measures. Off-policy learning methods, like Q-learning, allow learners to make optimal decisions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Mingxuan Li , Junzhe Zhang , Elias Bareinboim

Deep reinforcement learning, applied to vision-based problems like Atari games, maps pixels directly to actions; internally, the deep neural network bears the responsibility of both extracting useful information and making decisions based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-05 Giuseppe Cuccu , Julian Togelius , Philippe Cudre-Mauroux

Deep reinforcement learning has achieved many recent successes, but our understanding of its strengths and limitations is hampered by the lack of rich environments in which we can fully characterize optimal behavior, and correspondingly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-02 Maithra Raghu , Alex Irpan , Jacob Andreas , Robert Kleinberg , Quoc V. Le , Jon Kleinberg

Reinforcement learning has seen great advancements in the past five years. The successful introduction of deep learning in place of more traditional methods allowed reinforcement learning to scale to very complex domains achieving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Kacper Kielak