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This work is mainly concerned with the so-called limit theory for mean-field games. Adopting the weak formulation paradigm put forward by Carmona and Lacker, we consider a fully non-Markovian setting allowing for drift control and…

Probability · Mathematics 2023-12-25 Dylan Possamaï , Ludovic Tangpi

We study computationally efficient methods for finding equilibria in n-player general-sum games, specifically ones that afford complex visuomotor skills. We show how existing methods would struggle in this setting, either computationally or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-11 Siqi Liu , Luke Marris , Marc Lanctot , Georgios Piliouras , Joel Z. Leibo , Nicolas Heess

Mean Field Games (MFGs) offer a powerful framework for studying large-scale multi-agent systems. Yet, learning Nash equilibria in MFGs remains a challenging problem, particularly when the initial distribution is unknown or when the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Zida Wu , Mathieu Lauriere , Matthieu Geist , Olivier Pietquin , Ankur Mehta

We investigate learning the equilibria in non-stationary multi-agent systems and address the challenges that differentiate multi-agent learning from single-agent learning. Specifically, we focus on games with bandit feedback, where testing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Haozhe Jiang , Qiwen Cui , Zhihan Xiong , Maryam Fazel , Simon S. Du

Computing Nash equilibrium in multi-agent games is a longstanding challenge at the interface of game theory and computer science. It is well known that a general normal form game in N players and k strategies requires exponential space…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Morris Yau

This paper provides the first expert sample complexity characterization for learning a Nash equilibrium from expert data in Markov Games. We show that a new quantity named the single policy deviation concentrability coefficient is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Till Freihaut , Luca Viano , Volkan Cevher , Matthieu Geist , Giorgia Ramponi

We study mean field games and corresponding $N$-player games in continuous time over a finite time horizon where the position of each agent belongs to a finite state space. As opposed to previous works on finite state mean field games, we…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-02-01 Alekos Cecchin , Markus Fischer

In this paper, we propose a passivity-based methodology for analysis and design of reinforcement learning in multi-agent finite games. Starting from a known exponentially-discounted reinforcement learning scheme, we show that convergence to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-10-30 Bolin Gao , Lacra Pavel

Proficient game agents with diverse play styles enrich the gaming experience and enhance the replay value of games. However, recent advancements in game AI based on reinforcement learning have predominantly focused on improving proficiency,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Lingfeng Li , Yunlong Lu , Yongyi Wang , Wenxin Li

This paper introduces two metrics (cycle-based and memory-based metrics), grounded on a dynamical game-theoretic solution concept called sink equilibrium, for the evaluation, ranking, and computation of policies in multi-agent learning. We…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-06-23 Rui Yan , Xiaoming Duan , Zongying Shi , Yisheng Zhong , Jason R. Marden , Francesco Bullo

We initiate the study of Preference-Based Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (PbMARL), exploring both theoretical foundations and empirical validations. We define the task as identifying the Nash equilibrium from a preference-only offline…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Natalia Zhang , Xinqi Wang , Qiwen Cui , Runlong Zhou , Sham M. Kakade , Simon S. Du

Learning in games considers how multiple agents maximize their own rewards through repeated games. Memory, an ability that an agent changes his/her action depending on the history of actions in previous games, is often introduced into…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Yuma Fujimoto , Kaito Ariu , Kenshi Abe

The long-run behavior of multi-agent learning - and, in particular, no-regret learning - is relatively well-understood in potential games, where players have aligned interests. By contrast, in harmonic games - the strategic counterpart of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Davide Legacci , Panayotis Mertikopoulos , Christos H. Papadimitriou , Georgios Piliouras , Bary S. R. Pradelski

We study offline multi-agent reinforcement learning (RL) in Markov games, where the goal is to learn an approximate equilibrium -- such as Nash equilibrium and (Coarse) Correlated Equilibrium -- from an offline dataset pre-collected from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Yuheng Zhang , Yu Bai , Nan Jiang

This paper studies a linear-quadratic mean-field game of stochastic large-population system, where the large-population system satisfies a class of $N$ weakly coupled linear backward stochastic differential equation. Different from the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-02 Yu Si , Jingtao Shi

Mean field games (MFGs) model equilibria in games with a continuum of weakly interacting players as limiting systems of symmetric $n$-player games. We consider the finite-state, infinite-horizon problem with ergodic cost. Assuming Markovian…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-03-25 Asaf Cohen , Ethan Zell

In this paper, we propose Posterior Sampling Reinforcement Learning for Zero-sum Stochastic Games (PSRL-ZSG), the first online learning algorithm that achieves Bayesian regret bound of $O(HS\sqrt{AT})$ in the infinite-horizon zero-sum…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Mehdi Jafarnia-Jahromi , Rahul Jain , Ashutosh Nayyar

Policy Space Response Oracle (PSRO) with policy population construction has been demonstrated as an effective method for approximating Nash Equilibrium (NE) in zero-sum games. Existing studies have attempted to improve diversity in policy…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Yucong Huang , Jiesong Lian , Mingzhi Wang , Chengdong Ma , Ying Wen

In this paper, we consider discrete-time dynamic games of the mean-field type with a finite number $N$ of agents subject to an infinite-horizon discounted-cost optimality criterion. The state space of each agent is a locally compact Polish…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-01-17 Naci Saldi , Tamer Başar , Maxim Raginsky

Constrained Markov games offer a formal mathematical framework for modeling multi-agent reinforcement learning problems where the behavior of the agents is subject to constraints. In this work, we focus on the recently introduced class of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Philip Jordan , Anas Barakat , Niao He