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Reducing the number of measurements required to estimate the expectation value of an observable is crucial for the variational quantum eigensolver to become competitive with state-of-the-art classical algorithms. To measure complicated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-09 Seonghoon Choi , Tzu-Ching Yen , Artur F. Izmaylov

Bell inequality experiments measure the correlation coefficients of two spatially separated systems. In an EPR setup, at one location Alice has $N_a\geq 2$ observables $A =\{\A_j\}_1^{N_a}$ while at a second remote location Bob has $N_b…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-09 T. A. Osborn , Adam Rogers

In this paper we propose a method to estimate the density matrix \rho of a d-level quantum system by measurements on the N-fold system. The scheme is based on covariant observables and representation theory of unitary groups and it extends…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 M. Keyl

Bell inequalities play a central role in certifying quantum correlations and underpin protocols such as device-independent quantum key distribution. However, enumerating all Bell inequalities for a given scenario remains intractable beyond…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-28 Christian Staufenbiel

We develop a framework for certifying randomness from Bell-test trials based on directly estimating the probability of the measurement outcomes with adaptive test supermartingales. The number of trials need not be predetermined, and one can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-30 Emanuel Knill , Yanbao Zhang , Peter Bierhorst

Mid-circuit measurements and measurement-controlled gates are supported by an increasing number of quantum hardware platforms and will become more relevant as an essential building block for quantum error correction. However, mid-circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-27 Yanbin Chen , Innocenzo Fulginiti , Christian B. Mendl

Nielsen [quant-ph/0108020] showed that universal quantum computation is possible given quantum memory and the ability to perform projective measurements on up to 4-qubits. We describe an improved method that requires only 2-qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 D. W. Leung

The relation between Bell inequalities with two two-outcome measurements per site and distillability is analyzed in systems of an arbitrary number of quantum bits. We observe that the violation of any of these inequalities by a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Antonio Acin , Valerio Scarani , Michael M. Wolf

Protocols for quantum measurement are an essential part of quantum computing. Measurements are no longer confined to the final step of computation but are increasingly embedded within quantum circuits as integral components of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-07 Michal Krejčí , Lucie Krejčí , Ijaz Ahamed Mohammad , Martin Plesch , Martin Friák

We provide a novel criterion for identifying quantum correlation, which allows us to find connections between Bell type inequalities, entanglement detection, and correlation. We utilize the criterion to construct witness operators that can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Che-Ming Li , Li-Yi Hsu , Wei-Yang Lin , Yueh-Nan Chen , Der-San Chuu , Tobias Brandes

We propose a covariant algorithm for relativistic ideal measurements and for relativistic continuous measurements, its non-relativistic limit results the algorithm of the Event-Enhanced Quantum Theory. Therefore an additional intrinsic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Andreas Ruschhaupt

The evolution of a two-level system subjected to stimulated transitions which is undergoing a sequence of measurements of the level occupation probability is evaluated. Its time correlation function is compared to the one obtained through…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-30 Tommaso Calarco , Roberto Onofrio

Testing and verifying imperfect multi-qubit quantum devices are important as such noisy quantum devices are widely available today. Bell inequalities are known useful for testing and verifying the quality of the quantum devices from their…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-16 Bo Yang , Rudy Raymond , Hiroshi Imai , Hyungseok Chang , Hidefumi Hiraishi

We describe a new Bell test for two-particle entangled systems that engages an unbounded continuous variable. The continuous variable state is allowed to be arbitrary and inaccessible to direct measurements. A systematic method is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-01-20 X. -F. Qian , C. J. Broadbent , J. H. Eberly

We show how the efficiency of a logical Bell measurement (BM) can be calculated for arbitrary CSS codes with the experimentally important constraint of using only transversal static linear-optical BMs on the physical single-photon qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-06-19 Frank Schmidt , Peter van Loock

Predicting the outcomes of quantum measurements is a cornerstone of quantum information theory and a key resource for quantum technologies. Here, we introduce a comprehensive framework for quantifying the predictability of measurements on a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Dennis I. Martínez-Moreno , Miguel Castillo-Celeita , Diego G. Bussandri

Mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) play a crucial role in numerous applications within quantum information science, such as quantum state tomography, error correction, entanglement detection, and quantum cryptography. Utilizing \(2^n + 1\) MUB…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-22 Wang Yu , Wu Dongsheng

The next frontier in device-independent quantum information lies in the certification of scalable and parallel quantum resources, which underpin advanced quantum technologies. We put forth a simultaneous self-testing framework for maximally…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-17 Souradeep Sasmal , Ritesh K. Singh , Prabuddha Roy , A. K. Pan

We experimentally demonstrate, using qubits encoded in photon polarization, that if two parties share a single reference direction and use locally orthogonal measurements they will always violate a Bell inequality, up to experimental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-31 Matthew S. Palsson , Joel J. Wallman , Adam J. Bennet , G. J. Pryde

Quantum theory allows for correlations between the outcomes of distant measurements that are inconsistent with any locally causal theory, as demonstrated by the violation of a Bell inequality. Typical demonstrations of these correlations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-02-08 Joel J. Wallman , Stephen D. Bartlett