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Pebble games are used to study space/time trade-offs. Recently, spooky pebble games were introduced to study classical space / quantum space / time trade-offs for simulation of classical circuits on quantum computers. In this paper, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-17 Arend-Jan Quist , Alfons Laarman

"Pebble games," an abstraction from classical reversible computing, have found use in the design of quantum circuits for inherently sequential tasks. Gidney showed that allowing Hadamard basis measurements during pebble games can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Gregory D. Kahanamoku-Meyer , Seyoon Ragavan , Katherine Van Kirk

Reversible simulation of irreversible algorithms is analyzed in the stylized form of a `reversible' pebble game. While such simulations incur little overhead in additional computation time, they use a large amount of additional memory space…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-30 Ming Li , John Tromp , Paul Vitanyi

Future miniaturization and mobilization of computing devices requires energy parsimonious `adiabatic' computation. This is contingent on logical reversibility of computation. An example is the idea of quantum computations which are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-30 Ming Li , Paul Vitanyi

The reversible pebble game is a combinatorial game played on rooted DAGs. This game was introduced by Bennett (1989) motivated by applications in designing space efficient reversible algorithms. Recently, Chan (2013) showed that the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2016-04-20 Balagopal Komarath , Jayalal Sarma , Saurabh Sawlani

Pebble games were extensively studied in the 1970s and 1980s in a number of different contexts. The last decade has seen a revival of interest in pebble games coming from the field of proof complexity. Pebbling has proven to be a useful…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-07-01 Jakob Nordstrom

We consider the pebble game on DAGs with bounded fan-in introduced in [Paterson and Hewitt '70] and the reversible version of this game in [Bennett '89], and study the question of how hard it is to decide exactly or approximately the number…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Siu Man Chan , Massimo Lauria , Jakob Nordström , Marc Vinyals

Bennett's pebble game was introduced to obtain better time/space tradeoffs in the simulation of standard Turing machines by reversible ones. So far only upper bounds for the tradeoff based on the pebble game have been published. Here we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-09-06 Emanuel Knill

Optimizing data movements during program executions is essential for achieving high performance in modern computing systems. This has been classically modeled with the Red-Blue Pebble Game and its variants. In existing models, it is…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Aleksandros Sobczyk

The classical (parallel) black pebbling game is a useful abstraction which allows us to analyze the resources (space, space-time, cumulative space) necessary to evaluate a function $f$ with a static data-dependency graph $G$. Of particular…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-13 Jeremiah Blocki , Blake Holman , Seunghoon Lee

We study an extension of the well-known red-blue pebble game (RBP) with partial computation steps, inspired by the recent work of Sobczyk. While the original RBP assumes that we need to have all the inputs of an operation in fast memory at…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Pál András Papp , Aleksandros Sobczyk , A. N. Yzelman

The well-studied red-blue pebble game models the execution of an arbitrary computational DAG by a single processor over a two-level memory hierarchy. We present a natural generalization to a multiprocessor setting where each processor has…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-09 Toni Böhnlein , Pál András Papp , A. N. Yzelman

Quantum magic is a necessary resource for quantum computers to be not efficiently simulable by classical computers. Previous results have linked the amount of quantum magic, characterized by the number of $T$ gates or stabilizer rank, to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-07 Yifan Zhang , Yuxuan Zhang

Analyzing refutations of the well known 0pebbling formulas Peb$(G)$ we prove some new strong connections between pebble games and algebraic proof system, showing that there is a parallelism between the reversible, black and black-white…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Lisa-Marie Jaser , Jacobo Toran

The last decade has seen a revival of interest in pebble games in the context of proof complexity. Pebbling has proven a useful tool for studying resolution-based proof systems when comparing the strength of different subsystems, showing…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-03-13 Jakob Nordström

Quantum memory management is becoming a pressing problem, especially given the recent research effort to develop new and more complex quantum algorithms. The only existing automatic method for quantum states clean-up relies on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-04 Giulia Meuli , Mathias Soeken , Martin Roetteler , Nikolaj Bjorner , Giovanni De Micheli

We develop a framework for resource efficient compilation of higher-level programs into lower-level reversible circuits. Our main focus is on optimizing the memory footprint of the resulting reversible networks. This is motivated by the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-02 Alex Parent , Martin Roetteler , Krysta M. Svore

In this paper, we report efficient quantum circuits for integer multiplication using Toom-Cook algorithm. By analysing the recursive tree structure of the algorithm, we obtained a bound on the count of Toffoli gates and qubits. These bounds…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2018-07-18 Srijit Dutta , Debjyoti Bhattacharjee , Anupam Chattopadhyay

Pebble games are single-player games on DAGs involving placing and moving pebbles on nodes of the graph according to a certain set of rules. The goal is to pebble a set of target nodes using a minimum number of pebbles. In this paper, we…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-07-16 Erik D. Demaine , Quanquan C. Liu

Red-blue pebble games model the computation cost of a two-level memory hierarchy. We present various hardness results in different red-blue pebbling variants, with a focus on the oneshot model. We first study the relationship between…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Pál András Papp , Roger Wattenhofer
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