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Grid-forming (GFM) capability requirements are increasingly imposed on grid-connected voltage-source converters (VSCs). Under large grid disturbances, GFM-VSCs need to remain stable while providing GFM services. Yet, such objectives, as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-24 Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang

This work develops a constraint-aware grid-forming (GFM) control that explicitly accounts for current limits and modulation limits within the GFM oscillator dynamics generating the GFM voltage reference (i.e., phase angle and magnitude).…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-02 Dominic Groß

Recent work has proposed a universal framework that integrates the well-established power synchronization control into vector current control. Using this controller for the parallel operation of grid-forming converters, and/or with loads…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-23 Orcun Karaca , Irina Subotic , Lennart Harnefors , Ioannis Tsoumas

This article explores a flexible and coordinated control design for an aggregation of heterogeneous distributed energy resources (DERs) in a dynamic virtual power plant (DVPP). The control design aims to provide a desired aggregate…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-22 Xiuqiang He , Josué Duarte , Verena Häberle , Florian Dörfler

This paper demonstrates the key features of a control system applicable to inverter-based resources (IBR), which is based on grid-forming technology. Such resources are classified as grid-forming or grid-following converters based on the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Yangyadatta Tripathy , Barjeev Tyagi

Grid-forming (GFM) converter is deemed as one enabler for high penetration of renewable energy resources in power system. However, as will be pointed out in this letter, the conventional power-to-frequency (P-f) GFM control will face a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-10 Chu Sun

Power electronic converters are fundamental building blocks of both AC and DC microgrids, enabling the integration of renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, electronic loads, and electric vehicles. In contrast, converter control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-30 Jovan Krajacic , Ognjen Stanojev , Mario Schweizer , Orcun Karaca , Gabriela Hug , Vladan Lazarević

We analyze a dual-port grid-forming (GFM) control for power systems containing ac and dc transmission, converter-interfaced generation and energy storage, and legacy generation. To operate such a system and provide standard services,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-17 Irina Subotić , and Dominic Groß

This work establishes the equivalence of selected grid-forming control algorithms within the context of simplified theoretical models. Considered algorithms are droop control, Virtual Synchronous Machine (VSM) and matching control. It is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-01 Aidar Zhetessov

This paper employs modal analysis to study the core inertial dynamics of governor-controlled synchronous generators (GC-SG), droop-based grid-forming (GFM) converters, and their most fundamental interactions. The results indicate that even…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-03 Gerardo Medrano , Santiago Cóbreces

The modern power system features high penetration of power converters due to the development of renewables, HVDC, etc. Currently, the controller design and parameter tuning of power converters heavily rely on rich engineering experience and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-12 Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Florian Dörfler

Future power systems will include high shares of inverter-based generation. There is a general consensus that for allowing this transition, the Grid-Forming (GFM) control approach would be of great value. This article presents a GFM control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-08 Julian Freytes , Antoine Rossé , Valentin Costan , Grégoire Prime

This paper develops a multivariable current control strategy for inverter-based resources (IBRs) based on optimal control theory to enhance their dynamic performance and grid synchronization stability. The structure of the implemented…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-11 Hassan Yazdani , Ali Maleki , Saeed Lotfifard , Ali Saberi

Integration of renewable resources is profoundly reshaping the dynamics of modern power systems. This study shows that the voltage dynamics of power systems with multiple grid-forming (GFM) converters often enjoys a desirable property…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-21 Zhenyao Li , Shengwen Liao , Qian Zhang , Xuechun Zhang , Deqiang Gan

Grid-connected inverters are required to operate stably under a wide range of grid conditions. However, conventional grid-following (GFL) control may suffer from instability under weak-grid conditions, while grid-forming (GFM) control may…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-07 Zirui Wang , Yitong Li , Quanchi Wu , Jinjun Liu

This paper addresses the problem of output voltage regulation for multiple DC/DC converters connected to a microgrid, and prescribes a scheme for sharing power among different sources. This architecture is structured in such a way that it…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-01-12 Mayank Baranwal , Alireza Askarian , Srinivasa M. Salapaka

This paper derives closed-form solutions for grid-forming converters with power synchronization control (PSC) by subtly simplifying and factorizing the complex closed-loop models. The solutions can offer clear analytical insights into…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-05 Fangzhou Zhao , Tianhua Zhu , Lennart Harnefors , Bo Fan , Heng Wu , Zichao Zhou , Yin Sun , Xiongfei Wang

Complex droop control, alternatively known as dispatchable virtual oscillator control (dVOC), stands out for its unique capabilities in synchronization and voltage stabilization among existing control strategies for grid-forming converters.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-23 Roger Domingo-Enrich , Xiuqiang He , Verena Häberle , Florian Dörfler

This article proposes a "cross-forming" control concept for grid-forming inverters operating against grid faults. Cross-forming refers to voltage angle forming and current magnitude forming. It differs from classical grid-forming and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-20 Xiuqiang He , Maitraya Avadhut Desai , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler

Recent research has shown that operating grid-connected converters using the grid-forming vector current control (GFVCC) scheme offers significant benefits, including the simplicity and modularity of the control architecture, as well as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-06 Ognjen Stanojev , Orcun Karaca , Mario Schweizer