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The converter control functions to provide the capabilities similar to synchronous generators are referred to as grid forming converters (GFC). Identical to a synchronous machine, a grid forming converter is expected to behave as a voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-21 Kanakesh Vatta Kkuni , Sibin Mohan , Guangya Yang , Wilsun Xu

Grid-connected power converters are ubiquitous in modern power systems, acting as grid interfaces of renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, electric vehicles, high-voltage DC systems, etc. Conventionally, power converters use…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-14 Ruohan Leng , Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Ping Ju , Xiongfei Wang , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler

A unified virtual oscillator controller (uVOC) is proposed, which enables a unified analysis, design, and implementation framework for both grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) voltage source converters (VSCs). Oscillator based GFM…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-14 M A Awal , Iqbal Husain

Power electronic converters for integrating renewable energy resources into power systems can be divided into grid-forming and grid-following inverters. They possess certain similarities, but several important differences, which means that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-28 Yitong Li , Yunjie Gu , Timothy C. Green

This paper investigates the implementation and application of the multi-variable grid-forming hybrid angle control (HAC) for high-power converters in transmission grids. We explore the system-level performance and robustness of the HAC…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-13 Ali Tayyebi , Alan Magdaleno , Denis Vettoretti , Meng Chen , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Adolfo Anta , Florian Dörfler

We prove that the popular grid-forming control, i.e., dispatchable virtual oscillator control (dVOC), also termed complex droop control, exhibits output-feedback passivity in its large-signal model, featuring an explicit and physically…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-05 Xiuqiang He , Florian Dörfler

One of the most important challenges facing an electric grid is to incorporate renewables and distributed energy resources (DERs) to the grid. Because of the associated uncertainties in power generations and peak power demands,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-04-15 Mayank Baranwal , Srinivasa M. Salapaka

This paper presents the development of "Control-Sync," a novel firmware for universal inverters in microgrids, designed to enhance grid stability and flexibility. As hybrid PV-battery systems become increasingly prevalent, there is a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-03 Fariba Fateh

An inevitable consequence of the global power system transition towards nearly 100% renewable-based generation is the loss of conventional bulk generation by synchronous machines, their inertia, and accompanying frequency and voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-11 Ali Tayyebi , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

Well-designed current control is a key factor in ensuring the efficient and safe operation of modular multilevel converters (MMCs). Even though this control problem involves multiple control objectives, conventional current control schemes…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-28 Victor Daniel Reyes Dreke , Ygor Pereira Marca , Maurice Roes , Mircea Lazar

This article introduces two control frameworks: one for Grid-Following (GFL) inverters aiding Grid-Forming (GFM) inverters in voltage regulation during large contingency events and optimizing power transactions under normal conditions; and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-25 Jaesang Park , Alireza Askarian , Srinivasa Salapaka

DC microgrids are converter-based electrical networks that are increasingly being used in various applications, including data centers and industrial distribution systems. A central challenge in their operation is maintaining the DC-bus…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-30 Jovan Krajacic , Ognjen Stanojev , Mario Schweizer , Orcun Karaca , Gabriela Hug , Vladan Lazarević

Power electronic converters are becoming the main components of modern power systems due to the increasing integration of renewable energy sources. However, power converters may become unstable when interacting with the complex and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-09 Feiran Zhao , Ruohan Leng , Linbin Huang , Huanhai Xin , Keyou You , Florian Dörfler

In modern power systems, grid-forming power converters (GFMCs) have emerged as an enabling technology. However, the modeling of single-phase GFMCs faces new challenges. In particular, the nonlinear orthogonal signal generation unit, crucial…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-18 Wenjia Si , Chenming Liu , Steven Liu , Hongchang Li , Chenghui Zhang , Jingyang Fang

Grid forming control applied to power converters that interface storage or renewable generation to the power grid, has been identified as a potential solution to facilitate a substantial share of converter-based renewable generation in the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-28 Kanakesh Vatta Kkuni , Guangya Yang

This paper addresses the formation maneuver control problem of leader-follower multi-agent systems with high-order integrator dynamics. A distributed output feedback formation maneuver controller is proposed to achieve desired maneuvers so…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-20 Xu Fang , Lihua Xie

The emergence of grid-forming (GFM) inverter technology and the increasing role of machine learning in power systems highlight the need for evaluating the latest dynamic simulators. Open-source simulators offer distinct advantages in this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-12 Tong Su , Jiangkai Peng , Alaa Selim , Junbo Zhao , Jin Tan

In this paper, frequency dynamics in modern power systems with a high penetration of converter-based generation is analysed. A fundamental analysis of the frequency dynamics is performed to identify the limitations and challenges when the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-26 Carlos Collados-Rodriguez , Daniel Westerman Spier , Marc Cheah-Mane , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt

Microgrids are increasingly recognized as a key technology for the integration of distributed energy resources into the power network, allowing local clusters of load and distributed energy resources to operate autonomously. However,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-22 Jeremy Watson , Yemi Ojo , Khaled Laib , Ioannis Lestas

In this paper, we present an analogy for a power system dominated by grid-forming (GFM) sources that proves to be a powerful visualization tool for analyses of power flow, frequency regulation, and power dispatch. Frequency droop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-12 Minghui Lu , Brett Ross