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We investigate the increasingly important and common game-solving setting where we do not have an explicit description of the game but only oracle access to it through gameplay, such as in financial or military simulations and computer…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Carlos Martin , Tuomas Sandholm

The main approach to evaluating communication is by assessing how well it facilitates coordination. If two or more individuals can coordinate through communication, it is generally assumed that they understand one another. We investigate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Nikolaos Kondylidis , Anil Yaman , Frank van Harmelen , Erman Acar , Annette ten Teije

This paper deals with optimal policy learning (OPL) with observational data, i.e. data-driven optimal decision-making, in multi-action (or multi-arm) settings, where a finite set of decision options is available. It is organized in three…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-01 Giovanni Cerulli

Humans often assume that robots are rational. We believe robots take optimal actions given their objective; hence, when we are uncertain about what the robot's objective is, we interpret the robot's actions as optimal with respect to our…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-09-13 Dylan P. Losey , Dorsa Sadigh

Strategic-form min-max game theory examines the existence, multiplicity, selection of equilibria, and the worst-case computational complexity under perfect rationality. However, in many applications, games are drawn from an ensemble, and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yuma Ichikawa

We consider games with two antagonistic players --- \'Elo\"ise (modelling a program) and Ab\'elard (modelling a byzantine environment) --- and a third, unpredictable and uncontrollable player, that we call Nature. Motivated by the fact that…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2020-10-14 Arnaud Carayol , Olivier Serre

Mechanism design has found considerable application to the construction of agent-interaction protocols. In the standard setting, the type (e.g., utility function) of an agent is not known by other agents, nor is it known by the mechanism…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2012-07-19 Nathanael Hyafil , Craig Boutilier

We study worst-case guarantees on the expected return of fixed-dataset policy optimization algorithms. Our core contribution is a unified conceptual and mathematical framework for the study of algorithms in this regime. This analysis…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Jacob Buckman , Carles Gelada , Marc G. Bellemare

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly tasked with strategic decision-making under incomplete information, such as in negotiation and policymaking. While LLMs can excel at many such tasks, they also fail in ways that are poorly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Jan Sobotka , Mustafa O. Karabag , Ufuk Topcu

An individual can only experience regret if she learns about an unchosen alternative. In many situations, learning about an unchosen alternative is possible only if someone else chose it. We develop a model where the ex-post information…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2023-07-18 Claudia Cerrone , Francesco Feri , Philip R. Neary

The unprecedented access offered by the World Wide Web brings with it the potential to gather huge amounts of data on human activities. Here we exploit this by using a toy model of financial markets, the Minority Game (MG), to investigate…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2007-05-23 Paolo Laureti , Peter Ruch , Joseph Wakeling , Yi-Cheng Zhang

We study how motivated reasoning affects the provision of climate policy in an electoral competition framework. Voters experience anticipatory disutility when future outcomes appear grim and may therefore distort beliefs in response to…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2026-01-14 Philipp Denter

We consider how an agent should update her beliefs when her beliefs are represented by a set P of probability distributions, given that the agent makes decisions using the minimax criterion, perhaps the best-studied and most commonly-used…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-01-17 Peter D Grunwald , Joseph Y Halpern

Advancing our understanding of human behavior hinges on the ability of theories to unveil the mechanisms underlying such behaviors. Measuring the ability of theories and models to predict unobserved behaviors provides a principled method to…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-04-28 Sergio Cobo-Lopez , Antonia Godoy-Lorite , Jordi Duch , Marta Sales-Pardo , Roger Guimera

This paper presents an approach for developing the explanation capabilities of rule-based expert systems managing imprecise and uncertain knowledge. The treatment of uncertainty takes place in the framework of possibility theory where the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-04-08 Henri Farrency , Henri Prade

This paper develops a model of reference-dependent assessment of subjective beliefs in which loss-averse people optimally choose the expectation as the reference point to balance the current felicity from the optimistic anticipation and the…

General Finance · Quantitative Finance 2013-10-14 Si Chen

Optimization under uncertainty is a fundamental problem in learning and decision-making, particularly in multi-agent systems. Previously, Feldman, Kalai, and Tennenholtz [2010] demonstrated the ability to efficiently compete in repeated…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Daniel Ablin , Alon Cohen

We study the stochastic multi-armed bandit (MAB) problem in the presence of side-observations across actions that occur as a result of an underlying network structure. In our model, a bipartite graph captures the relationship between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-07-14 Swapna Buccapatnam , Fang Liu , Atilla Eryilmaz , Ness B. Shroff

Decisions in organizations are about evaluating alternatives and choosing the one that would best serve organizational goals. To the extent that the evaluation of alternatives could be formulated as a predictive task with appropriate…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Charles Wan , Rodrigo Belo , Leid Zejnilović

We consider decision problems under uncertainty where the options available to a decision maker and the resulting outcome are related through a causal mechanism which is unknown to the decision maker. We ask how a decision maker can learn…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-07-04 M. Gonzalez-Soto , L. E. Sucar , H. J. Escalante