Related papers: Koopman operators and the $3x+1$-dynamical system
In this paper, we study the dynamics of an operator $\mathcal T$ naturally associated to the so-called Collatz map, which maps an integer $n \geq 0$ to $n / 2$ if $n$ is even and $3n + 1$ if $n$ is odd. This operator $\mathcal T$ is defined…
Matching dynamical systems, through different forms of conjugacies and equivalences, has long been a fundamental concept, and a powerful tool, in the study and classification of nonlinear dynamic behavior (e.g. through normal forms). In…
Koopman analysis provides a general framework from which to analyze a nonlinear dynamical system in terms of a linear operator acting on an infinite-dimensional observable space. This theoretical framework provides a rigorous underpinning…
The 3n+1, or Collatz problem, is one of the hardest math problems, yet still unsolved. The Collatz conjecture is to prove or disprove that the Collatz sequences COL(n) always eventually reach the number of 1, for all n belongs to N+ (all…
Much work has been done attempting to understand the dynamic behaviour of the so-called "3x+1" function. It is known that finite sequences of iterations with a given length and a given number of odd terms have some combinatorial properties…
The mathematical properties and data-driven learning of the Koopman operator, which represents nonlinear dynamics as a linear mapping on a properly defined functional spaces, have become key problems in nonlinear system identification and…
The one way function based on the Collatz problem is proposed. It is based on the problem's conditional branching structure which is not considered as important even the 3x+1 question is quite famous. The analysis shows why the problem is…
The Koopman operator, as a linear representation of a nonlinear dynamical system, has been attracting attention in many fields of science. Recently, Koopman operator theory has been combined with another concept that is popular in data…
The Collatz conjecture states that repeated steps of $n\mathrm{\to }\mathrm{3}n\mathrm{+1}$ at odd numbers and $n\mathrm{\to }n\mathrm{/2}$ at even numbers amount to walks over root paths to the branching number $c=4$ in the `trivial'…
A mapping conjugate to the Collatz mapping seems to imply that $\N=\{1,2,3,\ldots\}$ is partitioned in a trivial loop $\{1\}$ and `strings' that are ordered subsets of $\{\N \setminus 1\}$ that run from an element of $\{2+3\0\}$ to an…
Dynamical systems provide a comprehensive way to study complex and changing behaviors across various sciences. Many modern systems are too complicated to analyze directly or we do not have access to models, driving significant interest in…
The Koopman operator is a mathematical tool that allows for a linear description of non-linear systems, but working in infinite dimensional spaces. Dynamic Mode Decomposition and Extended Dynamic Mode Decomposition are amongst the most…
We provide a framework for learning of dynamical systems rooted in the concept of representations and Koopman operators. The interplay between the two leads to the full description of systems that can be represented linearly in a finite…
Lambert's problem has been long studied in the context of space operations; its solution enables accurate orbit determination and spacecraft guidance. This work offers an analytical solution to Lambert's problem using the Koopman Operator…
We explore potential uses of physics formulated in Kleinian (i.e., $2+2$) signature spacetimes as a tool for understanding properties of physics in Lorentzian (i.e., $3+1$) signature. Much as Euclidean (i.e., $4+0$) signature quantities can…
Nonlinear coupled systems are ubiquitous in science and engineering. The analysis and modeling of such systems is challenging due to their high dimensionality and complex interactions among subsystems. In recent years, operator-theoretic…
The Koopman operator has become a celebrated tool in modern dynamical systems theory for analyzing and interpreting both models and datasets. The linearity of the Koopman operator means that important characteristics about it, and in turn…
Finding an embedding space for a linear approximation of a nonlinear dynamical system enables efficient system identification and control synthesis. The Koopman operator theory lays the foundation for identifying the nonlinear-to-linear…
The $3x+k$ function $T_{k}(n)$ sends $n$ to $(3n+k)/2$ resp. $n/2,$ according as $n$ is odd, resp. even, where $k \equiv \pm 1~(\bmod \, 6)$. The map $T_k(\cdot)$ sends integers to integers, and for $m \ge 1$ let $n \rightarrow m$ mean that…
We propose a third order dynamical system for solving a nonlinear equation in Hilbert spaces where the operator is cocoercive with respect to the solutions set. Under mild conditions on the parameters, we establish the existence and…