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Access to high-quality education at scale is limited by the difficulty of providing student feedback on open-ended assignments in structured domains like computer programming, graphics, and short response questions. This problem has proven…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-25 Ali Malik , Mike Wu , Vrinda Vasavada , Jinpeng Song , Madison Coots , John Mitchell , Noah Goodman , Chris Piech

While the use of programming problems on exams is a common form of summative assessment in CS courses, grading such exam problems can be a difficult and inconsistent process. Through an analysis of historical grading patterns we show that…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Sonja Johnson-Yu , Nicholas Bowman , Mehran Sahami , Chris Piech

We conducted a systematic literature review on automated grading and feedback tools for programming education. We analysed 121 research papers from 2017 to 2021 inclusive and categorised them based on skills assessed, approach, language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Marcus Messer , Neil C. C. Brown , Michael Kölling , Miaojing Shi

The use of automatic grading tools has become nearly ubiquitous in large undergraduate programming courses, and recent work has focused on improving the quality of automatically generated feedback. However, there is a relative lack of data…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Abe Leite , Saúl A. Blanco

Providing consistent summative assessment to students is important, as the grades they are awarded affect their progression through university and future career prospects. While small cohorts are typically assessed by a single assessor,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Marcus Messer , Neil C. C. Brown , Michael Kölling , Miaojing Shi

Large programming courses struggle to provide timely, detailed feedback on student code. We developed Mark My Works, a local autograding system that combines traditional unit testing with LLM-generated explanations. The system uses…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Yiding Qiu , Seyed Mahdi Azimi , Artem Lensky

The rapid growth of programming education has outpaced traditional assessment tools, leaving faculty with limited means to provide meaningful, scalable feedback. Conventional autograders, while efficient, act as black-box systems that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Vikrant Sahu , Gagan Raj Gupta , Raghav Borikar , Nitin Mane

Automated grading systems, or auto-graders, have become ubiquitous in programming education, and the way they generate feedback has become increasingly automated as well. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding auto-grader…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Adam Zhang , Heather Burte , Jaromir Savelka , Christopher Bogart , Majd Sakr

Electronic exams (e-exams) have the potential to substantially reduce the effort required for conducting an exam through automation. Yet, care must be taken to sacrifice neither task complexity nor constructive alignment nor grading…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Ole Lübke , Konrad Fuger , Fin Hendrik Bahnsen , Katrin Billerbeck , Sibylle Schupp

Receiving timely and personalized feedback is essential for second-language learners, especially when human instructors are unavailable. This study explores the effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs), including both proprietary and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Changrong Xiao , Wenxing Ma , Qingping Song , Sean Xin Xu , Kunpeng Zhang , Yufang Wang , Qi Fu

Providing timely and individualised feedback on handwritten student work is highly beneficial for learning but difficult to achieve at scale. This challenge has become more pressing as generative AI undermines the reliability of take-home…

While large language models (LLMs) have been used for automated grading, they have not yet achieved the same level of performance as humans, especially when it comes to grading complex questions. Existing research on this topic focuses on a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Wenjing Xie , Juxin Niu , Chun Jason Xue , Nan Guan

Timely and high-quality feedback is essential for effective learning in programming courses; yet, providing such support at scale remains a challenge. While AI-based systems offer scalable and immediate help, their responses can…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Tung Phung , Heeryung Choi , Mengyan Wu , Christopher Brooks , Sumit Gulwani , Adish Singla

In this paper we promote introducing software verification and control flow graph similarity measurement in automated evaluation of students' programs. We present a new grading framework that merges results obtained by combination of these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2012-07-02 Milena Vujosevic-Janicic , Mladen Nikolic , Dusan Tosic , Viktor Kuncak

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong potential in performing automatic scoring for constructed response assessments. While constructed responses graded by humans are usually based on given grading rubrics, the methods by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Xuansheng Wu , Padmaja Pravin Saraf , Gyeonggeon Lee , Ehsan Latif , Ninghao Liu , Xiaoming Zhai

Automatic grading is not a new approach but the need to adapt the latest technology to automatic grading has become very important. As the technology has rapidly became more powerful on scoring exams and essays, especially from the 1990s…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Neslihan Suzen , Alexander Gorban , Jeremy Levesley , Evgeny Mirkes

Automated assessment has been shown to greatly simplify the process of assessing students' programs. However, manual assessment still offers benefits to both students and tutors. We introduce Gradeer, a hybrid assessment tool, which allows…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-02-19 Benjamin Clegg , Maria-Cruz Villa-Uriol , Phil McMinn , Gordon Fraser

Grading in embedded systems courses typically requires a face-to-face appointment between the student and the instructor because of experimental setups that are only available in laboratory facilities. Such a manual grading process is an…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2017-03-14 Hao Li , Bo-Jhang Ho , Bharathan Balaji , Yue Xin , Paul Martin , Mani Srivastava

Commonly, introductory programming courses in higher education institutions have hundreds of participating students eager to learn to program. The manual effort for reviewing the submitted source code and for providing feedback can no…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-07-26 Gerhard Johann Hagerer , Laura Lahesoo , Miriam Anschütz , Stephan Krusche , Georg Groh

The growing need for automated and personalized feedback in programming education has led to recent interest in leveraging generative AI for feedback generation. However, current approaches tend to rely on prompt engineering techniques in…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Victor-Alexandru Pădurean , Tung Phung , Nachiket Kotalwar , Michael Liut , Juho Leinonen , Paul Denny , Adish Singla
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