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With the recent rapid increase in digitization across all major industries, acquiring programming skills has increased the demand for introductory programming courses. This has further resulted in universities integrating programming…

The grading of open-ended questions is a high-effort, high-impact task in education. Automating this task promises a significant reduction in workload for education professionals, as well as more consistent grading outcomes for students, by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Alexandra Gobrecht , Felix Tuma , Moritz Möller , Thomas Zöller , Mark Zakhvatkin , Alexandra Wuttig , Holger Sommerfeldt , Sven Schütt

Feedback is a critical component of the learning process, particularly in computer science education. This study investigates the quality of feedback generated by Large Language Models (LLMs), Small Language Models (SLMs), compared with…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Suqing Liu , Bogdan Simion , Christopher Eaton , Michael Liut

Automatically graded programming assignments provide instant feedback to students and significantly reduce manual grading time for instructors. However, creating comprehensive suites of test cases for programming problems within automatic…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Umar Alkafaween , Ibrahim Albluwi , Paul Denny

Bottlenecks such as the latency in correcting assignments and providing a grade for Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) could impact the levels of interest among learners. In this proposal for an auto-grading system, we present a method to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Swapneel Mehta , Chirag Raman , Nitin Ayer , Sameer Sahasrabudhe

Large language models have recently been proposed as tools for automated essay scoring, but their agreement with human grading remains unclear. In this work, we evaluate how LLM-generated scores compare with human grades and analyze the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Jerin George Mathew , Sumayya Taher , Anindita Kundu , Denilson Barbosa

Teaching assistants (TAs) are essential to grading and feedback provision in proof-based courses, yet these tasks are time-intensive and difficult to scale. Although Large Language Models (LLMs) have been studied for grading and feedback,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Romina Mahinpei , Sofiia Druchyna , Manoel Horta Ribeiro

Prompt engineering for large language models (LLMs) is often a manual time-intensive process that involves generating, evaluating, and refining prompts iteratively to ensure high-quality outputs. While there has been work on automating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Derek Austin , Elliott Chartock

Grading project reports are increasingly significant in today's educational landscape, where they serve as key assessments of students' comprehensive problem-solving abilities. However, it remains challenging due to the multifaceted…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Zixin Chen , Jiachen Wang , Yumeng Li , Haobo Li , Chuhan Shi , Rong Zhang , Huamin Qu

In scientific computing, it is common that a mathematical expression can be computed by many different algorithms (sometimes over hundreds), each identifying a specific sequence of library calls. Although mathematically equivalent, those…

Performance · Computer Science 2021-09-15 Aravind Sankaran , Paolo Bientinesi

Grading assessments is time-consuming and prone to human bias. Students may experience delays in receiving feedback that may not be tailored to their expectations or needs. Harnessing AI in education can be effective for grading…

Physics Education · Physics 2025-12-01 Ryan Mok , Faraaz Akhtar , Louis Clare , Christine Li , Jun Ida , Lewis Ross , Mario Campanelli

Providing valuable and personalized feedback is essential for effective learning, but delivering it promptly can be challenging in large-scale courses. Recent research has explored automated feedback mechanisms across various programming…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Ricardo Brancas , Pedro Orvalho , Carolina Carreira , Vasco Manquinho , Ruben Martins

We investigate whether contemporary multimodal LLMs can assist with grading open-ended calculus at scale without eroding validity. In a large first-year exam, students' handwritten work was graded by GPT-5 against the same rubric used by…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Gerd Kortemeyer , Alexander Caspar , Daria Horica

Automatic grading of subjective questions remains a significant challenge in examination assessment due to the diversity in question formats and the open-ended nature of student responses. Existing works primarily focus on a specific type…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Fanwei Zhua , Jiaxuan He , Xiaoxiao Chen , Zulong Chen , Quan Lu , Chenrui Mei

Instructors and students alike are often focused on the grade in programming assignments as a key measure of how well a student is mastering the material and whether a student is struggling. This can be, however, misleading. Especially when…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-01-09 Chuqin Geng , Wenwen Xu , Yingjie Xu , Brigitte Pientka , Xujie Si

MOOCs have the potential to revolutionize higher education with their wide outreach and accessibility, but they require instructors to come up with scalable alternates to traditional student evaluation. Peer grading -- having students…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-04-15 Karthik Raman , Thorsten Joachims

Automated grading systems can efficiently score short-answer responses, yet they often fail to indicate when a grading decision is uncertain or potentially contentious. We introduce semantic entropy, a measure of variability across multiple…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Karrtik Iyer , Manikandan Ravikiran , Prasanna Pendse , Shayan Mohanty

In technical subjects characterized by high enrollment, such as Basic Hydraulics, the assessment of reports necessitates superior levels of objectivity, consistency, and formative feedback; goals often compromised by faculty workload. This…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Hugo Roger Paz

Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise for automated grading, but their outputs can be unreliable. Rather than improving grading accuracy directly, we address a complementary problem: \textit{predicting when an LLM grader is likely to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Robinson Ferrer , Damla Turgut , Zhongzhou Chen , Shashank Sonkar

Automatic assessment of code, in particular to support education, is an important feature included in several Learning Management Systems (LMS), at least to some extent. Several kinds of assessments can be designed, such as exercises asking…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-11-28 Sébastien Combéfis , Guillaume de Moffarts