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Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world scenarios where they may lack sufficient information to complete a given task. In such settings, the ability to actively seek out missing information becomes a critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Langyuan Cui , Chun Kai Ling , Hwee Tou Ng

Strategic-form min-max game theory examines the existence, multiplicity, selection of equilibria, and the worst-case computational complexity under perfect rationality. However, in many applications, games are drawn from an ensemble, and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yuma Ichikawa

A naive way to solve the model-checking problem of the mu-calculus uses fixpoint iteration. Traditionally however mu-calculus model-checking is solved by a reduction in linear time to a parity game, which is then solved using one of the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-09-18 Tom van Dijk , Bob Rubbens

Game-theoretic characterizations of process equivalences traditionally form a central topic in concurrency; for example, most equivalences on the classical linear-time / branching-time spectrum come with such characterizations. Recent work…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Jonas Forster , Lutz Schröder , Paul Wild

We present new game semantics of Martin-L\"of type theory (MLTT) equipped with One-, Zero-, N-, Pi-, Sigma- and Id-types. Our game semantics interprets MLTT more accurately than existing ones. Another advantage of our game semantics over…

Logic · Mathematics 2021-06-08 Norihiro Yamada

Games on graphs provide a natural model for reactive non-terminating systems. In such games, the interaction of two players on an arena results in an infinite path that describes a run of the system. Different settings are used to model…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2011-06-08 Krishnendu Chatterjee , Nathanaël Fijalkow

We establish a tight connection between two models of the $\lambda$-calculus, namely Milner's encoding into the $\pi$-calculus (precisely, the Internal $\pi$-calculus), and operational game semantics (OGS). We first investigate the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Guilhem Jaber , Davide Sangiorgi

Modal Transition Systems (MTS) are a well-known formalism that extend Labelled Transition Systems (LTS) with the possibility of specifying necessary and permitted behaviour. Modal refinement ($\preceq_m$) of MTS represents a step of the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Davide Basile

First-order game logic GL and the first-order modal mu-calculus Lmu are proved to be equiexpressive and equivalent, thereby fully aligning their expressive and deductive power. That is, there is a semantics-preserving translation from GL to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Noah Abou El Wafa , André Platzer

We propose a way of reasoning about minimal and maximal values of the weights of transitions in a weighted transition system (WTS). This perspective induces a notion of bisimulation that is coarser than the classic bisimulation: it relates…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Mikkel Hansen , Kim Guldstrand Larsen , Radu Mardare , Mathias Ruggaard Pedersen

These lecture notes attempt a mathematical treatment of game theory akin to mathematical physics. A game instance is defined as a sequence of states of an underlying system. This viewpoint unifies classical mathematical models for 2-person…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2023-04-27 Ulrich Faigle

From the standpoint of game theory, dominoes is a game that has not received much attention (specially the variety known as draw). It is usually thought that this game is already solved, given general results in game theory. However, the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2013-10-28 Eduardo Espinosa-Avila , Francisco Hernandez-Quiroz

We introduce frame-equivalence games tailored for reasoning about the size, modal depth, number of occurrences of symbols and number of different propositional variables of modal formulae defining a given frame-property. Using these games,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2018-08-16 Philippe Balbiani , David Fernández-Duque , Andreas Herzig , Petar Iliev

In this paper we first define a new kind of potential games, called coset weighted potential game, which is a generalized form of weighted potential game. Using semi-tensor product of matrices, an algebraic method is provided to verify…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-03-01 Yuanhua Wang , Daizhan Cheng

We give a concise and self-contained introduction to the theory of Quantum Games by reviewing the seminal works of Meyer, Eisert-Wilkens-Lewenstein, Marinatto-Weber and Landsburg, which initiated the study of this field. By generalizing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-02 Sowmitra Das

The framework of graded semantics uses graded monads to capture behavioural equivalences of varying granularity, for example as found on the linear-time/branching-time spectrum, over general system types. We describe a generic…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Chase Ford , Harsh Beohar , Barbara König , Stefan Milius , Lutz Schröder

Game Theory studies situations in which multiple agents having conflicting objectives have to reach a collective decision. The question of a compact representation language for agents utility function is of crucial importance since the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2014-04-30 Thi-Van-Anh Nguyen , Arnaud Lallouet

We develop a symmetric monoidal closed category of games, incorporating sums and products, to model quantum computation at higher types. This model is expressive, capable of representing all unitary operators at base types. It is compatible…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Samson Abramsky , Radha Jagadeesan

We show that the model-checking problem is decidable for a fragment of the epistemic \mu-calculus. The fragment allows free variables within the scope of epistemic modalities in a restricted form that avoids constructing formulas embodying…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2012-07-17 Rodica Bozianu , Cătălin Dima , Constantin Enea

The characterization of second-order type isomorphisms is a purely syntactical problem that we propose to study under the enlightenment of game semantics. We study this question in the case of second-order λ$\mu$-calculus, which can be…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2007-05-30 Joachim De Lataillade