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Automatically adapting game content to players opens new doors for game development. In this paper we propose an architecture using persona agents and experience metrics, which enables evolving procedurally generated levels tailored for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Pedro M. Fernandes , Jonathan Jørgensen , Niels N. T. G. Poldervaart

Dynamic difficulty adjustment ($DDA$) is a process of automatically changing a game difficulty for the optimization of user experience. It is a vital part of almost any modern game. Most existing DDA approaches concentrate on the experience…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Dvir Ben Or , Michael Kolomenkin , Gil Shabat

We introduce a procedural content generation (PCG) framework at the intersections of experience-driven PCG and PCG via reinforcement learning, named ED(PCG)RL, EDRL in short. EDRL is able to teach RL designers to generate endless playable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Tianye Shu , Jialin Liu , Georgios N. Yannakakis

Intelligence is a crucial trait for species to find solutions within a limited number of trial-and-error attempts. Building on this idea, we introduce Survival Game as a framework to evaluate intelligence based on the number of failed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Jingtao Zhan , Jiahao Zhao , Jiayu Li , Yiqun Liu , Bo Zhang , Qingyao Ai , Jiaxin Mao , Hongning Wang , Min Zhang , Shaoping Ma

In level co-creation an AI and human work together to create a video game level. One open challenge in level co-creation is how to empower human users to ensure particular qualities of the final level, such as challenge. There has been…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-22 Andrew Hoyt , Matthew Guzdial , Yalini Kumar , Gillian Smith , Mark O. Riedl

The past decade has seen a rapid increase in the level of research interest in procedural content generation (PCG) for digital games, and there are now numerous research avenues focused on new approaches for driving and applying PCG…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Oliver Withington , Laurissa Tokarchuk

Procedural Level Generation via Machine Learning (PLGML), the study of generating game levels with machine learning, has received a large amount of recent academic attention. For certain measures these approaches have shown success at…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Matthew Guzdial , Nicholas Liao , Mark Riedl

Procedural Content Generation (PCG) refers to the practice, in videogames and other games, of generating content such as levels, quests, or characters algorithmically. Motivated by the need to make games replayable, as well as to reduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-03-18 Sebastian Risi , Julian Togelius

Board games are a great source of entertainment for all ages, as they create a competitive and engaging environment, as well as stimulating learning and strategic thinking. It is common for digital versions of board games, as any other type…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Marco Antônio Athayde de Aguiar Vieira , Anderson Rocha Tavares , Renato Perez Ribas

Creating and evaluating games manually is an arduous and laborious task. Procedural content generation can aid by creating game artifacts, but usually not an entire game. Evolutionary game design, which combines evolutionary algorithms with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Lana Bertoldo Rossato , Leonardo Boaventura Bombardelli , Anderson Rocha Tavares

The balancing process for game levels in a competitive two-player context involves a lot of manual work and testing, particularly in non-symmetrical game levels. In this paper, we propose an architecture for automated balancing of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Florian Rupp , Manuel Eberhardinger , Kai Eckert

In recent years, the pen and paper RPG market has experienced significant growth. As a result, companies are increasingly exploring the integration of AI technologies to enhance player experience and gain a competitive edge. One of the key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Jolanta Śliwa

Difficulty is one of the key drivers of player engagement and it is often one of the aspects that designers tweak most to optimise the player experience; operationalising it is, therefore, a crucial task for game development studios. A…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Jeppe Theiss Kristensen , Paolo Burelli

The evaluation of procedural content generation (PCG) systems for generating video game levels is a complex and contested topic. Ideally, the field would have access to robust, generalisable and widely accepted evaluation approaches that…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Oliver Withington , Michael Cook , Laurissa Tokarchuk

Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment (DDA) is a mechanism used in video games that automatically tailors the individual gaming experience to match an appropriate difficulty setting. This is generally achieved by removing pre-defined difficulty…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-06-13 Anthony M. Colwell , Frank G. Glavin

In this paper, we present a method for automated persona-driven video game tutorial level generation. Tutorial levels are scenarios in which the player can explore and discover different rules and game mechanics. Procedural personas can…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Michael Cerny Green , Ahmed Khalifa , M Charity , Julian Togelius

We propose a new procedural content generation method which learns iterative level generators from a dataset of existing levels. The Path of Destruction method, as we call it, views level generation as repair; levels are created by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Matthew Siper , Ahmed Khalifa , Julian Togelius

Procedural Content Generation via Reinforcement Learning (PCGRL) foregoes the need for large human-authored data-sets and allows agents to train explicitly on functional constraints, using computable, user-defined measures of quality…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Zehua Jiang , Sam Earle , Michael Cerny Green , Julian Togelius

Game-based learning (GBL) is widely adopted in mathematics education. It enhances learners' engagement and critical thinking throughout the mathematics learning process. However, enabling players to learn intrinsically through mathematical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Jie Gao , Adam K. Dubé

Accurately estimating human skill levels is crucial for designing effective human-AI interactions so that AI can provide appropriate challenges or guidance. In games where AI players have beaten top human professionals, strength estimation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-02 Kyota Kuboki , Tatsuyoshi Ogawa , Chu-Hsuan Hsueh , Shi-Jim Yen , Kokolo Ikeda