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In this paper, we prove that optimally solving an $n \times n \times n$ Rubik's Cube is NP-complete by reducing from the Hamiltonian Cycle problem in square grid graphs. This improves the previous result that optimally solving an $n \times…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2018-04-30 Erik D. Demaine , Sarah Eisenstat , Mikhail Rudoy

In the popular computer game of Tetris, the player is given a sequence of tetromino pieces and must pack them into a rectangular gameboard initially occupied by a given configuration of filled squares; any completely filled row of the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Erik D. Demaine , Susan Hohenberger , David Liben-Nowell

Evolomino is a pencil-and-paper logic puzzle published by the Japanese company Nikoli, renowned for culture-independent puzzles such as Sudoku, Kakuro, and Slitherlink. Its name reflects the core mechanic: the polyomino-like blocks drawn by…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-18 Andrei V. Nikolaev , Yuri A. Myasnikov

We prove that the 2017 puzzle game ZHED is NP-complete, even with just 1 tiles. Such a puzzle is defined by a set of unit-square 1 tiles in a square grid, and a target square of the grid. A move consists of selecting an unselected 1 tile…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Sagnik Saha , Erik D. Demaine

Oredango puzzle, one of the pencil puzzles, was originally created by Kanaiboshi and published in the popular puzzle magazine Nikoli. In this paper, we show NP- and ASP-completeness of Oredango by constructing a reduction from the 1-in-3SAT…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Takuma Takahata , Norito Minamikawa , Takayuki Okuno

Japanese tatami mats are often arranged so that no four mats meet. This local restriction imposes a rich combinatorial structure when applied to monomino-domino coverings of rectilinear grids. We describe a modular, mechanical game board,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-03-19 Alejandro Erickson

When can $t$ terminal pairs in an $m \times n$ grid be connected by $t$ vertex-disjoint paths that cover all vertices of the grid? We prove that this problem is NP-complete. Our hardness result can be compared to two previous NP-hardness…

We study a popular puzzle game known variously as Clickomania and Same Game. Basically, a rectangular grid of blocks is initially colored with some number of colors, and the player repeatedly removes a chosen connected monochromatic group…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Therese C. Biedl , Erik D. Demaine , Martin L. Demaine , Rudolf Fleischer , Lars Jacobsen , J. Ian Munro

Rikudo is a number-placement puzzle, where the player is asked to complete a Hamiltonian path on a hexagonal grid, given some clues (numbers already placed and edges of the path). We prove that the game is complete for NP, even if the…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Viet-Ha Nguyen , Kévin Perrot

Discrete tomography deals with reconstructing finite spatial objects from lower dimensional projections and has applications for example in timetable design. In this paper we consider the problem of reconstructing a tile packing from its…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2010-12-22 Marek Chrobak , Christoph Durr , Flavio Guinez , Antoni Lozano , Nguyen Kim Thang

Proving the NP-completeness of pencil-and-paper puzzles typically relies on reductions from combinatorial problems such as the satisfiability problem (SAT). Although the properties of these problems are well studied, their purely…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Kosuke Susukita , Junichi Teruyama

While logic puzzles have engaged individuals through problem-solving and critical thinking, the creation of new puzzle rules has largely relied on ad-hoc processes. Pencil puzzles, such as Slitherlink and Sudoku, represent a prominent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Itsuki Maeda , Yasuhiro Inoue

We study three problems related to the computational complexity of the popular game Minesweeper. The first is consistency: given a set of clues, is there any arrangement of mines that satisfies it? This problem has been known to be…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2024-04-24 MIT Hardness Group , Della Hendrickson , Andy Tockman

Kingdomino is a board game designed by Bruno Cathala and edited by Blue Orange since 2016. The goal is to place $2 \times 1$ dominoes on a grid layout, and get a better score than other players. Each $1 \times 1$ domino cell has a color…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-04-01 Viet-Ha Nguyen , Kevin Perrot , Mathieu Vallet

Holzer and Holzer (Discrete Applied Mathematics 144(3):345--358, 2004) proved that the Tantrix(TM) rotation puzzle problem is NP-complete. They also showed that for infinite rotation puzzles, this problem becomes undecidable. We study the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2008-06-09 Dorothea Baumeister , Joerg Rothe

Using the notion of visibility representations, our paper establishes a new property of instances of the Nondeterministic Constraint Logic (NCL) problem (a PSPACE-complete problem that is very convenient to prove the PSPACE-hardness of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Michael C. Chavrimootoo

We study a family of sorting match puzzles on grids, which we call permutation match puzzles. In this puzzle, each row and column of a $n \times n$ grid is labeled with an ordering constraint -- ascending (A) or descending (D) -- and the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Kshitij Gajjar , Neeldhara Misra

We propose a new kind of sliding-block puzzle, called Gourds, where the objective is to rearrange 1 x 2 pieces on a hexagonal grid board of 2n + 1 cells with n pieces, using sliding, turning and pivoting moves. This puzzle has a single…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Joep Hamersma , Marc van Kreveld , Yushi Uno , Tom C. van der Zanden

In this paper we show that the Mastermind Satisfiability Problem (MSP) is NP-complete. The Mastermind is a popular game which can be turned into a logical puzzle called Mastermind Satisfiability Problem in a similar spirit to the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Jeff Stuckman , Guo-Qiang Zhang

In the pinwheel problem, one is given an $m$-tuple of positive integers $(a_1, \ldots, a_m)$ and asked whether the integers can be partitioned into $m$ color classes $C_1,\ldots,C_m$ such that every interval of length $a_i$ has non-empty…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Robert Kleinberg , Ahan Mishra