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This paper discusses the use of computer-aided verification as a practical means for analysing quantum information systems; specifically, the BB84 protocol for quantum key distribution is examined using this method. This protocol has been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Rajagopal Nagarajan , Nikolaos Papanikolaou , Garry Bowen , Simon Gay

An essential step in quantum key distribution is the estimation of parameters related to the leaked amount of information, which is usually done by sampling of the communication data. When the data size is finite, the final key rate depends…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-12 Shun Kawakami , Toshihiko Sasaki , Masato Koashi

All the currently available unconditional security proofs on quantum key distribution, in particular for the BB84 protocol and its variants including continuous-variable ones, are invalid or incomplete at many points. In this paper we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-10-23 Horace P. Yuen

Several quantum process algebras have been proposed and successfully applied in verification of quantum cryptographic protocols. All of the bisimulations proposed so far for quantum processes in these process algebras are state-based,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2015-07-21 Yuan Feng , Mingsheng Ying

Polarization encoding quantum key distribution has been proven to be a reliable method to build a secure communication system. It has already been used in inter-city fiber channel and near-earth atmosphere channel, leaving underwater…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-01 Shanchuan Dong , Yonghe Yu , Shangshuai Zheng , Qiming Zhu , Lei Gai , Wendong Li , Yongjian Gu

Quantum key distribution (QKD) based on coherent states is well known for its implementation simplicity, but it suffers from loss-dependent attacks based on optimal unambiguous state discrimination. Crucially, previous research has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-05 Li Liu , Yukun Wang , Emilien Lavie , Arno Ricou , Chao Wang , Fen Zhuo Guo , Charles Ci Wen Lim

We analyse the finite-size security of the efficient Bennett-Brassard 1984 protocol implemented with decoy states and apply the results to a gigahertz-clocked quantum key distribution system. Despite the enhanced security level, the…

We prove the unconditional security of the standard six-state scheme for quantum key distribution (QKD). We demonstrate its unconditional security up to a bit error rate of 12.7 percents, by allowing only one-way classical communications in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Hoi-Kwong Lo

We present a complete protocol for BB84 quantum key distribution for a realistic setting (noise, loss, multi-photon signals of the source) that covers many of todays experimental implementations. The security of this protocol is shown…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-07-10 Hitoshi Inamori , Norbert Lütkenhaus , Dominic Mayers

In phase-randomized weak coherent pulse (WCP) implementations of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) BB84 protocol, the decoy method is often used to compensate BB84's vulnerability against photon number splitting (PNS) attacks. However, this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-25 Zhiyao Wang , Aodhán Corrigan , Norbert Lütkenhaus

We proposed a new quantum bit commitment scheme in which secret key need not to be provided by other quantum key distribution system. We can get the bit commitment with probability p by adding a waiting time in a frame during operating the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-17 Linxi Zhang , Changhua Zhu , Nan Zhao , Changxing Pei

We consider the security of the Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) protocol for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), in the presence of bit and basis dependent detector flaws. We suggest a powerful attack that can be used in systems with detector…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-01-04 L. Lydersen , J. Skaar

Quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols are cryptographic techniques with security based only on the laws of quantum mechanics. Two prominent QKD schemes are the BB84 and B92 protocols that use four and two quantum states, respectively. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 J. -C. Boileau , K. Tamaki , J. Batuwantudawe , R. Laflamme , J. M. Renes

We present a finite-size security proof of the decoy-state BB84 QKD protocol against coherent attacks, using entropic uncertainty relations, for imperfect detectors. We apply this result to the case of detectors with imperfectly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Devashish Tupkary , Shlok Nahar , Pulkit Sinha , Norbert Lütkenhaus

This study proposes a quantum secret authentication code for protecting the integrity of secret quantum states. Since BB84[1] was first proposed, the eavesdropper detection strategy in almost all quantum cryptographic protocols is based on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-08-18 Tong-Xuan Wei , Tzonelih Hwang , Chia-Wei Tsai

We prove the security of the Bennett-Brassard (BB84) quantum key distribution protocol for an arbitrary source whose averaged states are basis-independent, a condition that is automatically satisfied if the source is suitably designed. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Masato Koashi , John Preskill

There has been much interest in quantum key distribution. Experimentally, quantum key distribution over 150 km of commercial Telecom fibers has been successfully performed. The crucial issue in quantum key distribution is its security.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Hoi-Kwong Lo , Xiongfeng Ma , Kai Chen

Shor and Preskill have provided a simple proof of security of the standard quantum key distribution scheme by Bennett and Brassard (BB84) by demonstrating a connection between key distribution and entanglement purification protocols with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Daniel Gottesman , Hoi-Kwong Lo

We develop an improvement to the weak laser pulse BB84 scheme for quantum key distribution, which utilizes entanglement to improve the security of the scheme and enhance its resilience to the photon-number-splitting attack. This protocol…

Two-qubit quantum codes have been suggested to obtain better efficiency and higher loss tolerance in quantum key distribution. Here, we propose a two-qubit quantum key distribution protocol based on a mixed basis consisting of two Bell…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-09-20 Mladen Pavicic , Oliver Benson , Andreas W. Schell , Janik Wolters