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The selection of branching variables is a key component of branch-and-bound algorithms for solving Mixed-Integer Programming (MIP) problems since the quality of the selection procedure is likely to have a significant effect on the size of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-08-23 Pierre Le Bodic , George L. Nemhauser

Branch and Bound (B&B) is the exact tree search method typically used to solve Mixed-Integer Linear Programming problems (MILPs). Learning branching policies for MILP has become an active research area, with most works proposing to imitate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-04 Giulia Zarpellon , Jason Jo , Andrea Lodi , Yoshua Bengio

Mixed-integer programming (MIP) provides a powerful framework for optimization problems, with Branch-and-Cut (B&C) being the predominant algorithm in state-of-the-art solvers. The efficiency of B&C critically depends on heuristic policies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Hongyu Cheng , Amitabh Basu

Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) solvers rely on an array of sophisticated heuristics developed with decades of research to solve large-scale MIP instances encountered in practice. Machine learning offers to automatically construct better…

Most state-of-the-art branch-and-bound solvers for mixed-integer linear programming rely on limited-precision floating-point arithmetic and use numerical tolerances when reasoning about feasibility and optimality during their search. While…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-04 Alexander Hoen , Ambros Gleixner

Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) is a powerful framework used to address a wide range of NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, often solved by Branch and Bound (B&B). A key factor influencing the performance of B&B solvers is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Paul Strang , Zacharie Alès , Côme Bissuel , Olivier Juan , Safia Kedad-Sidhoum , Emmanuel Rachelson

In this paper, we surveyed the existing literature studying different approaches and algorithms for the four critical components in the general branch and bound (B&B) algorithm, namely, branching variable selection, node selection, node…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Lingying Huang , Xiaomeng Chen , Wei Huo , Jiazheng Wang , Fan Zhang , Bo Bai , Ling Shi

Strong Branching (SB) is a cornerstone of all modern branching rules used in the Branch-and-Bound (BnB) algorithm, which is at the center of Mixed-Integer Programming solvers. In its full form, SB evaluates all variables to branch on and…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-08 Gioni Mexi , Somayeh Shamsi , Mathieu Besançon , Pierre Le Bodic

Global optimization of decision trees is a long-standing challenge in combinatorial optimization, yet such models play an important role in interpretable machine learning. Although the problem has been investigated for several decades, only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jiancheng Tu , Wenqi Fan , Zhibin Wu

In line with the growing trend of using machine learning to help solve combinatorial optimisation problems, one promising idea is to improve node selection within a mixed integer programming (MIP) branch-and-bound tree by using a learned…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-01-05 Kaan Yilmaz , Neil Yorke-Smith

For mixed-integer programs (MIPs), strong branching is a highly effective variable selection method to reduce the number of nodes in the branch-and-bound algorithm. Extending it to nonlinear problems is conceptually simple but practically…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-24 Santanu S. Dey , Dahye Han , Yang Wang

Deriving a good variable selection strategy in branch-and-bound is essential for the efficiency of modern mixed-integer programming (MIP) solvers. With MIP branching data collected during the previous solution process, learning to branch…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-29 Zeren Huang , Wenhao Chen , Weinan Zhang , Chuhan Shi , Furui Liu , Hui-Ling Zhen , Mingxuan Yuan , Jianye Hao , Yong Yu , Jun Wang

An essential component in modern solvers for mixed-integer (linear) programs (MIPs) is the separation of additional inequalities (cutting planes) to tighten the linear programming relaxation. Various algorithmic decisions are necessary when…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-06-24 Timo Berthold , Matteo Francobaldi , Gregor Hendel

An important problem in optimization is the construction of mixed-integer programming (MIP) formulations of disjunctive constraints that are both strong and small. Motivated by lower bounds on the number of integer variables that are…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-12-05 Joey Huchette , Juan Pablo Vielma

Branch-and-bound is the workhorse of all state-of-the-art mixed integer linear programming (MILP) solvers. These implementations of branch-and-bound typically use variable branching, that is, the child nodes are obtained by fixing some…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-09-20 Santanu S. Dey , Yatharth Dubey , Marco Molinaro

Mixed-integer model predictive control (MI-MPC) requires the solution of a mixed-integer quadratic program (MIQP) at each sampling instant under strict timing constraints, where part of the state and control variables can only assume a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-03-22 Pedro Hespanhol , Rien Quirynen , Stefano Di Cairano

Cutting planes and branching are two of the most important algorithms for solving mixed-integer linear programs. For both algorithms, disjunctions play an important role, being used both as branching candidates and as the foundation for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-07-10 Mark Turner , Timo Berthold , Mathieu Besançon , Thorsten Koch

Machine learning is increasingly used to improve decisions within branch-and-bound algorithms for mixed-integer programming. Many existing approaches rely on deep learning, which often requires very large training datasets and substantial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Selin Bayramoğlu , George L Nemhauser , Nikolaos V Sahinidis

State-of-the-art branch and bound algorithms for mixed integer programming make use of special methods for making branching decisions. Strategies that have gained prominence include modern variants of so-called strong branching (Applegate,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-01-08 Fred Glover , Vladimir Shylo , Oleg Shylo

Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) lies at the core of many real-world combinatorial optimization (CO) problems, traditionally solved by branch-and-bound (B&B). A key driver influencing B&B solvers efficiency is the variable selection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Paul Strang , Zacharie Alès , Côme Bissuel , Olivier Juan , Safia Kedad-Sidhoum , Emmanuel Rachelson
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