Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) is a powerful framework used to address a wide range of NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems, often solved by Branch and Bound (B&B). A key factor influencing the performance of B&B solvers is the variable selection heuristic governing branching decisions. Recent contributions have sought to adapt reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms to the B&B setting to learn optimal branching policies, through Markov Decision Processes (MDP) inspired formulations, and ad hoc convergence theorems and algorithms. In this work, we introduce BBMDP, a principled vanilla MDP formulation for variable selection in B&B, allowing to leverage a broad range of RL algorithms for the purpose of learning optimal B\&B heuristics. Computational experiments validate our model empirically, as our branching agent outperforms prior state-of-the-art RL agents on four standard MILP benchmarks.
@article{arxiv.2510.19348,
title = {A Markov Decision Process for Variable Selection in Branch & Bound},
author = {Paul Strang and Zacharie Alès and Côme Bissuel and Olivier Juan and Safia Kedad-Sidhoum and Emmanuel Rachelson},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2510.19348},
year = {2025}
}