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Thomas Schelling proposed an influential simple spatial model to illustrate how, even with relatively mild assumptions on each individual's nearest neighbor preferences, an integrated city would likely unravel to a segregated city, even if…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2007-11-15 Abhinav Singh , Dmitri Vainchtein , Howard Weiss

Schelling's classical segregation model gives a coherent explanation for the wide-spread phenomenon of residential segregation. We consider an agent-based saturated open-city variant, the Flip Schelling Process (FSP), in which agents,…

Probability · Mathematics 2021-02-22 Thomas Bläsius , Tobias Friedrich , Martin S. Krejca , Louise Molitor

We propose a metapopulation version of the Schelling model where two kinds of agents relocate themselves, with unconstrained destination, if their local fitness is lower than a tolerance threshold. We show that, for small values of the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-05-05 Floriana Gargiulo , Yerali Gandica , Timoteo Carletti

This paper generalizes the original Schelling (1969, 1971a,b, 2006) model of racial and residential segregation to a context of variable externalities due to social linkages. In a setting in which individuals' utility function is a convex…

General Economics · Economics 2023-01-24 Roy Cerqueti , Luca De Benedictis , Valerio Leone Sciabolazza

This paper introduces and analyses some models in the framework of Mean Field Games describing interactions between two populations motivated by the studies on urban settlements and residential choice by Thomas Schelling. For static games,…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2016-07-18 Yves Achdou , Martino Bardi , Marco Cirant

Schelling's model of segregation, first described in 1969, has become one of the best known models of self-organising behaviour. While Schelling's explicit concern was to understand the mechanisms underlying racial segregation in large…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2016-09-12 George Barmpalias , Richard Elwes , Andy Lewis-Pye

Segregation is widespread in all realms of human society. Several influential studies have argued that intolerance is not a prerequisite for a segregated society, and that segregation can arise even when people generally prefer diversity.…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2016-10-27 Milena Tsvetkova , Olof Nilsson , Camilla Öhman , Lovisa Sumpter , David Sumpter

Societies are complex. Properties of social systems can be explained by the interplay and weaving of individual actions. Incentives are key to understand people's choices and decisions. For instance, individual preferences of where to live…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-09-20 Egemen Sert , Yaneer Bar-Yam , Alfredo J. Morales

The strategic selection of resources by selfish agents has long been a key area of research, with Resource Selection Games and Congestion Games serving as prominent examples. In these traditional frameworks, agents choose from a set of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Henri Zeiler

In this work, we propose and analyze a novel Schelling-type metapopulation model that examines how random relocations of families between neighborhoods can lead to segregation. The model consists of a large number of houses organized into…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-04-29 Fei Cao , Roberto Cortez

The Schelling model of segregation was introduced in economics to show how micro-motives can influence macro-behavior. Agents on a lattice have two colors and try to move to a different location if the number of their neighbors with a…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2022-10-11 Zhanzhan Zhao , Dana Randall

Schelling and Sakoda prominently proposed computational models suggesting that strong ethnic residential segregation can be the unintended outcome of a self-reinforcing dynamic driven by choices of individuals with rather tolerant ethnic…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-06-25 Lucas Sage , Andreas Flache

Half of the world population resides in cities and urban segregation is becoming a global issue. One of the best known attempts to understand it is the Schelling model, which considers two types of agents that relocate whenever a transfer…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-11-09 Diego Ortega , Javier Rodríguez-Laguna , Elka Korutcheva

The strategic selection of resources by selfish agents is a classic research direction, with Resource Selection Games and Congestion Games as prominent examples. In these games, agents select available resources and their utility then…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Jonathan Gadea Harder , Simon Krogmann , Pascal Lenzner , Alexander Skopalik

The Schelling model is a prototype for agent-based modeling in social systems. We produce a comprehensive analysis of Schelling model rule variants by classifying the space of macroscopic outcomes using phase diagrams. Among 54 rule…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-05-19 Marlyn Boke , Timothy Sorochkin , Jesse Anttila-Hughes , Alan O. Jamison

Thomas Schelling introduced his agent-based model of segregation in 1971 and concluded that even when there is a low amount of intolerance within society that segregation will develop if people follow their individual preferences. A large…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2024-03-05 Joseph D. Johnson , Marisa C. Eisenberg

Segregation is a growing concern around the world. One of its main manifestations is the creation of ghettos, whose inhabitants have difficult access to well-paid jobs, which are often located far from their homes. In order to study this…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-12-23 D. Ortega , E. Korutcheva

We consider Schelling's bounded neighbourhood model (BNM) of unorganised segregation of two populations from the perspective of modern dynamical systems theory. We derive a Schelling dynamical system and carry out a complete quantitative…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2017-09-25 D. J. Haw , S. J. Hogan

Schelling's model of segregation is one of the first and most influential models in the field of social simulation. There are many variations of the model which have been proposed and simulated over the last forty years, though the present…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-03-19 Tim Rogers , Alan J. McKane

Suppose that a set of $m$ tasks are to be shared as equally as possible amongst a set of $n$ resources. A game-theoretic mechanism to find a suitable allocation is to associate each task with a ``selfish agent'', and require each agent to…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Petra Berenbrink , Tom Friedetzky , Leslie Ann Goldberg , Paul Goldberg , Zengjian Hu , Russell Martin