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As Large Language Models (LLMs) continue to evolve, Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has emerged as a prevailing design for achieving state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of tasks. MoE models use sparse gating to activate…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yue Pan , Zihan Xia , Po-Kai Hsu , Lanxiang Hu , Hyungyo Kim , Janak Sharda , Minxuan Zhou , Nam Sung Kim , Shimeng Yu , Tajana Rosing , Mingu Kang

The Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have emerged as the state-of-the-art paradigm for scaling up large language models (LLMs) without proportionally increased computational cost. However, its on-device deployment faces a critical challenge…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Weikai Xu , Meng Li , Shuzhang Zhong , Tianyang Luo , Dongxue Zhao , Ling Liang , Zongwei Wang , Qianqian Huang , Yimao Cai , Ru Huang

To achieve high accuracy, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are increasingly growing in complexity and diversity in layer types and topologies. This makes it very challenging to efficiently deploy such networks on custom processor…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-21 Steven Colleman , Man Shi , Marian Verhelst

3D integration, i.e., stacking of integrated circuit layers using parallel or sequential processing is gaining rapid industry adoption with the slowdown of Moore's law scaling. 3D stacking promises potential gains in performance, power and…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2020-05-25 Saurabh Sinha , Xiaoqing Xu , Mudit Bhargava , Shidhartha Das , Brian Cline , Greg Yeric

3D-Integration is a promising technology towards higher interconnect densities and shorter wiring lengths between multiple chip stacks, thus achieving a very high performance level combined with low power consumption. This technology also…

Other Computer Science · Computer Science 2008-12-18 Jürgen Wolf , P. Ramm , Armin Klumpp , H. Reichl

3D die stacking and 2.5D interposer design are promising technologies to improve integration density, performance and cost. Current approaches face serious issues in dealing with emerging security challenges such as side channel attacks,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Peng Gu , Shuangchen Li , Dylan Stow , Russell Barnes , Liu Liu , Yuan Xie , Eren Kursshan

Parallel and monolithic 3D integration directions offer pathways to realize 3D integrated circuits (ICs) but still lead to layer-by-layer implementations, each functional layer being composed in 2D first. This mindset causes challenging…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2016-05-02 Mingyu Li , Jiajun Shi , Mostafizur Rahman , Santosh Khasanvis , Sachin Bhat , Csaba Andras Moritz

Monolithic 3D integration has become a promising solution for future computing needs. The metal inter-layer via (MIV) forms interconnects between substrate layers in Monolithic 3D integration. Despite small size of MIV, the area overhead…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-27 Madhava Sarma Vemuri , Umamaheswara Rao Tida

Besides the lot of advantages offered by the 3D stacking of devices in an integrated circuit there is a chance of device damage due to rise in peak temperature value. Hence, in order to make use of all the potential benefits of the vertical…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2012-03-09 Ramya Menon C. , Vinod Pangracious

Three-dimensional integrated circuits promise power, performance, and footprint gains compared to their 2D counterparts, thanks to drastic reductions in the interconnects' length through their smaller form factor. We can leverage the…

Photonic technologies have shown a promising way to build high-speed and high-energy-efficiency neural network accelerators. In previously presented photonic neural networks, architectures are mainly designed for fully-connected layers.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-02 Shaofu Xu , Jing Wang , Weiwen Zou

Networks-on-chip (NoCs) have become the standard for interconnect solutions in industrial designs ranging from client CPUs to many-core chip-multiprocessors. Since NoCs play a vital role in system performance and power consumption,…

Performance · Computer Science 2020-01-07 Sumit K. Mandal , Raid Ayoub , Michael Kishinevsky , Umit Y. Ogras

Optimal multi-layer device design requires consideration of fabrication uncertainties associated with inter-layer alignment and conformal layering. We present layer-restricted topology optimization (TO), a novel technique which mitigates…

Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)-polymer composites are promising candidates for a myriad of applications. Ad-hoc CNTs-polymer composite fabrication techniques inherently pose roadblock to optimized processing resulting in microstructural defects…

Metal inter-layer via (MIV) in Monolithic three-dimensional integrated circuits (M3D-IC) is used to connect inter-layer devices and provide power and clock signals across multiple layers. The size of MIV is comparable to logic gates because…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-28 Madhava Sarma Vemuri , Umamaheswara Rao Tida

The MultiNoC system implements a programmable on-chip multiprocessing platform built on top of an efficient, low area overhead intra-chip interconnection scheme. The employed interconnection structure is a Network on Chip, or NoC. NoCs are…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2011-11-09 Aline Mello , Leandro Moller , Ney Calazans , Fernando Moraes

The consistent demand for better performance has lead to innovations at hardware and microarchitectural levels. 3D stacking of memory and logic dies delivers an order of magnitude improvement in available memory bandwidth. The price paid…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-09-11 Karthik Rao , William Song , Yorai Wardi , Sudhakar Yalamanchili

Microfluidic cooling has been recognized as one of the most promising solutions to achieve efficient thermal management for three-dimensional integrated circuits (3DICs). It enables more opportunities to architect 3DICs with different die…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Runxi Wang , Jun-Han Han , Mircea Stan , Xinfei Guo

With the advent of modern multi-chiplet FPGA architectures, vendors have begun integrating hardened NoC to address the scalability, resource usage, and frequency disadvantages of soft NoCs. However, as this work shows, effectively…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Sihao Liu , Jake Ke , Tony Nowatzki , Jason Cong

Ni-based superalloy Inconel-718 is ubiquitous in metal 3D printing where high cooling rate and thermal gradient are present. These manufacturing conditions are conducive to high initial dislocation density and porosity or void in the…

Materials Science · Physics 2021-05-19 Abrar Faiyad , Md. Adnan Mahathir Munshi , Sourav Saha