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While deep reinforcement learning techniques have led to agents that are successfully able to learn to perform a number of tasks that had been previously unlearnable, these techniques are still susceptible to the longstanding problem of…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2019-06-07 Nicholas Waytowich , Sean L. Barton , Vernon Lawhern , Ethan Stump , Garrett Warnell

We introduce an approach for deep reinforcement learning (RL) that improves upon the efficiency, generalization capacity, and interpretability of conventional approaches through structured perception and relational reasoning. It uses…

StarCraft II is one of the most challenging simulated reinforcement learning environments; it is partially observable, stochastic, multi-agent, and mastering StarCraft II requires strategic planning over long time horizons with real-time…

Integrating artificial intelligence (AI) into wireless networks has drawn significant interest in both industry and academia. A common solution is to replace partial or even all modules in the conventional systems, which is often lack of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-07-24 Jian Wang , Chen Xu , Yourui Huangfu , Rong Li , Yiqun Ge , Jun Wang

We present an adapter-based approach for tactical conditioning of StarCraft II AI agents. Current agents, while powerful, lack the ability to adapt their strategies based on high-level tactical directives. Our method freezes a pre-trained…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Weiyu Ma , Jiwen Jiang , Haobo Fu , Haifeng Zhang

Because combat environments change over time and technology upgrades are widespread for ground vehicles, a large number of vehicles and equipment become quickly obsolete. A possible solution for the U.S. Army is to develop fleets of modular…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-02-04 Xingyu Li , Bogdan I. Epureanu

We consider scenarios from the real-time strategy game StarCraft as new benchmarks for reinforcement learning algorithms. We propose micromanagement tasks, which present the problem of the short-term, low-level control of army members…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-11-29 Nicolas Usunier , Gabriel Synnaeve , Zeming Lin , Soumith Chintala

Deep reinforcement learning for high dimensional, hierarchical control tasks usually requires the use of complex neural networks as functional approximators, which can lead to inefficiency, instability and even divergence in the training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-26 Yuguang Yang

The model-based reinforcement learning paradigm, which uses planning algorithms and neural network models, has recently achieved unprecedented results in diverse applications, leading to what is now known as deep reinforcement learning.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Tiago Gaspar Oliveira , Arlindo L. Oliveira

Large language models (LLMs) have recently garnered significant accomplishments in various exploratory tasks, even surpassing the performance of traditional reinforcement learning-based methods that have historically dominated the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Xiao Shao , Weifu Jiang , Fei Zuo , Mengqing Liu

We present Adaptive Command, a novel framework integrating large language models (LLMs) with behavior trees for real-time strategic decision-making in StarCraft II. Our system focuses on enhancing human-AI collaboration in complex, dynamic…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Weiyu Ma , Dongyu Xu , Shu Lin , Haifeng Zhang , Jun Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently shown strong reasoning and generalization capabilities, motivating their use as decision-making policies in complex environments. StarCraft II (SC2), with its massive state-action space and partial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yixin Zhang , Ziyi Wang , Yiming Rong , Haoxi Wang , Jinling Jiang , Shuang Xu , Haoran Wu , Shiyu Zhou , Bo Xu

Deep multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms are booming in the field of collaborative intelligence, and StarCraft multi-agent challenge (SMAC) is widely-used as the benchmark therein. However, imaginary opponents of MARL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Yadong Li , Tong Zhang , Bo Huang , Zhen Cui

MOBA games, e.g., Honor of Kings, League of Legends, and Dota 2, pose grand challenges to AI systems such as multi-agent, enormous state-action space, complex action control, etc. Developing AI for playing MOBA games has raised much…

Humans can leverage hierarchical structures to split a task into sub-tasks and solve problems efficiently. Both imitation and reinforcement learning or a combination of them with hierarchical structures have been proven to be an efficient…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Yaru Niu , Yijun Gu

We consider the problem of high-level strategy selection in the adversarial setting of real-time strategy games from a reinforcement learning perspective, where taking an action corresponds to switching to the respective strategy. Here, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-22 Jonas Gehring , Da Ju , Vegard Mella , Daniel Gant , Nicolas Usunier , Gabriel Synnaeve

There has been a recent explosion in the capabilities of game-playing artificial intelligence. Many classes of RL tasks, from Atari games to motor control to board games, are now solvable by fairly generic algorithms, based on deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-05-09 Vlad Firoiu , William F. Whitney , Joshua B. Tenenbaum

StarCraft II is a complex and dynamic real-time strategy (RTS) game environment, which is very suitable for artificial intelligence and reinforcement learning research. To address the problem of Large Language Model(LLM) learning in complex…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Xiaojie Xu , Zongyuan Li , Chang Lu , Runnan Qi , Yanan Ni , Lumin Jiang , Xiangbei Liu , Xuebo Zhang , Yongchun Fang , Kuihua Huang , Xian Guo , Zhanghua Wu , Zhenya Li

Training agents in multi-agent competitive games presents significant challenges due to their intricate nature. These challenges are exacerbated by dynamics influenced not only by the environment but also by opponents' strategies. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 The Viet Bui , Tien Mai , Thanh Hong Nguyen

In real-time strategy (RTS) game artificial intelligence research, various multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) algorithms are widely and actively used nowadays. Most of the research is based on StarCraft II environment because…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-24 Won Joon Yun , Sungwon Yi , Joongheon Kim