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The emergence of virtual staining technology provides a rapid and efficient alternative for researchers in tissue pathology. It enables the utilization of unlabeled microscopic samples to generate virtual replicas of chemically stained…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-08 Junjia Wang , Bo Xiong , You Zhou , Xun Cao , Zhan Ma

Many medical and biological protocols for analyzing individual biological cells involve morphological evaluation based on cell staining, designed to enhance imaging contrast and enable clinicians and biologists to differentiate between…

Histological examination is a crucial step in an autopsy; however, the traditional histochemical staining of post-mortem samples faces multiple challenges, including the inferior staining quality due to autolysis caused by delayed fixation…

In addition to evaluating tumor morphology using H&E staining, immunohistochemistry is used to assess the presence of specific proteins within the tissue. However, this is a costly and labor-intensive technique, for which virtual staining,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 José Teixeira , Pascal Klöckner , Diana Montezuma , Melis Erdal Cesur , João Fraga , Hugo M. Horlings , Jaime S. Cardoso , Sara P. Oliveira

The creation of in-silico datasets can expand the utility of existing annotations to new domains with different staining patterns in computational pathology. As such, it has the potential to significantly lower the cost associated with…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-12 Dominik Winter , Nicolas Triltsch , Philipp Plewa , Marco Rosati , Thomas Padel , Ross Hill , Markus Schick , Nicolas Brieu

Pathological diagnosis relies on the visual inspection of histologically stained thin tissue specimens, where different types of stains are applied to bring contrast to and highlight various desired histological features. However, the…

Medical Physics · Physics 2022-08-18 Xilin Yang , Bijie Bai , Yijie Zhang , Yuzhu Li , Kevin de Haan , Tairan Liu , Aydogan Ozcan

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is the clinical standard for assessing tissue morphology, but it lacks molecular-level diagnostic information. In contrast, immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides crucial insights into biomarker expression,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-05 Jingsong Liu , Xiaofeng Deng , Han Li , Azar Kazemi , Christian Grashei , Gesa Wilkens , Xin You , Tanja Groll , Nassir Navab , Carolin Mogler , Peter J. Schüffler

Immunohistochemistry is a valuable diagnostic tool for cancer pathology. However, it requires specialist labs and equipment, is time-intensive, and is difficult to reproduce. Consequently, a long term aim is to provide a digital method of…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-15 Christopher D. Walsh , Joanne Edwards , Robert H. Insall

Pathology is practiced by visual inspection of histochemically stained slides. Most commonly, the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain is used in the diagnostic workflow and it is the gold standard for cancer diagnosis. However, in many cases,…

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) has been the gold standard in tissue analysis for decades, however, tissue specimens stained in different laboratories vary, often significantly, in appearance. This variation poses a challenge for both…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-25 Umair Khan , Jouni Härkönen , Marjukka Friman , Leena Latonen , Teijo Kuopio , Pekka Ruusuvuori

The immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) biomarker is widely practiced in breast tissue analysis, preclinical studies and diagnostic decisions, guiding cancer treatment and investigation…

Digitized Histological diagnosis is in increasing demand. However, color variations due to various factors are imposing obstacles to the diagnosis process. The problem of stain color variations is a well-defined problem with many proposed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-04-06 M Tarek Shaban , Christoph Baur , Nassir Navab , Shadi Albarqouni

An important part of Digital Pathology is the analysis of multiple digitised whole slide images from differently stained tissue sections. It is common practice to mount consecutive sections containing corresponding microscopic structures on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-11-06 Thomas Lampert , Odyssée Merveille , Jessica Schmitz , Germain Forestier , Friedrich Feuerhake , Cédric Wemmert

Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining provides crucial molecular characterization of tissue samples and plays an indispensable role in the clinical examination and diagnosis of cancers. However, compared with the commonly used Hematoxylin and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Mingzhou Jiang , Jiaying Zhou , Nan Zeng , Mickael Li , Qijie Tang , Chao He , Huazhu Fu , Honghui He

Virtual staining of histopathology images (e.g., H&E-IHC) is an emerging tool in digital pathology, enabling faster and cheaper workflows by synthesizing target stains from routinely acquired slides. Yet, the quality of virtual staining…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Fedor Gubanov , Svetlana Illarionova , Vlad Kozlovskiy , Mikhail Romanov , Yersultan Akhmetov , Aida Akaeva , Vyacheslav Grinevich , Rifat Hamoudi , Maxim Sharaev

Virtual staining, or in-silico-labeling, has been proposed to computationally generate synthetic fluorescence images from label-free images by use of deep learning-based image-to-image translation networks. In most reported studies,…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-04 Sourya Sengupta , Jianquan Xu , Phuong Nguyen , Frank J. Brooks , Yang Liu , Mark A. Anastasio

Immunohistochemical (IHC) virtual staining is a task that generates virtual IHC images from H\&E images while maintaining pathological semantic consistency with adjacent slices. This task aims to achieve cross-domain mapping between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yue Peng , Bing Xiong , Fuqiang Chen , De Eybo , RanRan Zhang , Wanming Hu , Jing Cai , Wenjian Qin

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides are central to cancer diagnosis and monitoring, visualizing tissue architecture and cellular morphology. However, H&E lacks the molecular specificity needed to distinguish cell states and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-14 Tushar Kataria , Beatrice Knudsen , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Accurate histopathological diagnosis often requires multiple differently stained tissue sections, a process that is time-consuming, labor-intensive, and environmentally taxing due to the use of multiple chemical stains. Recently, virtual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-18 Jiabo MA , Wenqiang Li , Jinbang Li , Ziyi Liu , Linshan Wu , Fengtao Zhou , Li Liang , Ronald Cheong Kin Chan , Terence T. W. Wong , Hao Chen

Histological Tertiary Lymphoid Structures (TLSs) are increasingly recognized for their correlation with the efficacy of immunotherapy in various solid tumors. Traditionally, the identification and characterization of TLSs rely on…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-27 Qiuli Wang , Yongxu Liu , Li Ma , Xianqi Wang , Wei Chen , Xiaohong Yao