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In this work we investigate whether it is plausible to use the performance of a reinforcement learning (RL) agent to estimate the difficulty measured as the player completion rate of different levels in the mobile puzzle game Lily's…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Jeppe Theiss Kristensen , Arturo Valdivia , Paolo Burelli

We investigate hide-and-seek games on complex networks using a random walk framework. Specifically, we investigate the efficiency of various degree-biased random walk search strategies to locate items that are randomly hidden on a subset of…

Physics and Society · Physics 2019-02-20 Shubham Pandey , Reimer Kuehn

The standard for Deep Reinforcement Learning in games, following Alpha Zero, is to use residual networks and to increase the depth of the network to get better results. We propose to improve mobile networks as an alternative to residual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Tristan Cazenave

Live Action Role-Playing (LARP) games and similar experiences are becoming a popular game genre. Here, we discuss how artificial intelligence techniques, particularly those commonly used in AI for Games, could be applied to LARP. We discuss…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-08-26 Christoph Salge , Emily Short , Mike Preuss , Spyridion Samothrakis , Pieter Spronck

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) significantly mitigates the hallucinations and domain knowledge deficiency in large language models by incorporating external knowledge bases. However, the multi-module architecture of RAG introduces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yanming Mu , Hao Hu , Feiyang Li , Qiao Yuan , Jiang Wu , Zichuan Liu , Pengcheng Liu , Mei Wang , Hongwei Zhou , Yuling Liu

Online gaming is growing faster than ever before, with increasing challenges of providing better user experience. Recommender systems (RS) for online games face unique challenges since they must fulfill players' distinct desires, at…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Si Chen , Yuqiu Qian , Hui Li , Chen Lin

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has made great achievements since proposed. Generally, DRL agents receive high-dimensional inputs at each step, and make actions according to deep-neural-network-based policies. This learning mechanism…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Kun Shao , Zhentao Tang , Yuanheng Zhu , Nannan Li , Dongbin Zhao

Penetration testing is the process of searching for security weaknesses by simulating an attack. It is usually performed by experienced professionals, where scanning and attack tools are applied. By automating the execution of such tools,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Norman Becker , Daniel Reti , Evridiki V. Ntagiou , Marcus Wallum , Hans D. Schotten

Many artificial intelligences (AIs) are randomized. One can be lucky or unlucky with the random seed; we quantify this effect and show that, maybe contrarily to intuition, this is far from being negligible. Then, we apply two different…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-07-11 Tristan Cazenave , Jialin Liu , Fabien Teytaud , Olivier Teytaud

We introduce a hybrid CPU/GPU version of the Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic (A3C) algorithm, currently the state-of-the-art method in reinforcement learning for various gaming tasks. We analyze its computational traits and concentrate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-03-08 Mohammad Babaeizadeh , Iuri Frosio , Stephen Tyree , Jason Clemons , Jan Kautz

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems augment large language models with external knowledge, yet introduce a critical security vulnerability: RAG Knowledge Base Leakage, wherein adversarial prompts can induce the model to divulge…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yuanbo Xie , Yingjie Zhang , Yulin Li , Shouyou Song , Xiaokun Chen , Zhihan Liu , Liya Su , Tingwen Liu

Retrieval-Augmented Code Generation (RACG) is increasingly adopted to enhance Large Language Models for software development, yet its security implications remain dangerously underexplored. This paper conducts the first systematic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Tian Li , Bo Lin , Shangwen Wang , Yusong Tan

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enables large language models (LLMs) to leverage external knowledge, but also exposes valuable RAG databases to leakage attacks. As RAG systems grow more complex and LLMs exhibit stronger…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Maosen Zhang , Jianshuo Dong , Boting Lu , Wenyue Li , Xiaoping Zhang , Tianwei Zhang , Han Qiu

Arguably, for the latter part of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, games have been seen as the drosophila of AI. Games are a set of exciting testbeds, whose solutions (in terms of identifying optimal players) would lead to machines…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Spyridon Samothrakis , Dennis J. N. J. Soemers , Damian Machlanski

Partially Observable Stochastic Games (POSGs) are the most general and common model of games used in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL). We argue that the POSG model is conceptually ill suited to software MARL environments, and offer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-01 J K Terry , Nathaniel Grammel , Benjamin Black , Ananth Hari , Caroline Horsch , Luis Santos

This paper introduces MANGO (Multilayer Abstraction for Nested Generation of Options), a novel hierarchical reinforcement learning framework designed to address the challenges of long-term sparse reward environments. MANGO decomposes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Alessio Arcudi , Davide Sartor , Alberto Sinigaglia , Vincent François-Lavet , Gian Antonio Susto

AlphaZero-style reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have achieved superhuman performance in many complex board games such as Chess, Shogi, and Go. However, we showcase that these algorithms encounter significant and fundamental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Bei Zhou , Søren Riis

Do you remember your first video game console? We remember ours. Decades ago, they provided hours of entertainment. Now, we have repurposed them to solve dynamic and stochastic optimization problems. With deep reinforcement learning methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-25 Nicholas D. Kullman , Nikita Dudorov , Jorge E. Mendoza , Martin Cousineau , Justin C. Goodson

Due to the prevalence of online services in modern society, such as internet banking and social media, it is important for users to have an understanding of basic security measures in order to keep themselves safe online. However, users…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-07-24 Sam Scholefield , Lynsay A. Shepherd

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) integrates external knowledge with Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance factual correctness and mitigate hallucination. However, dense retrievers often become the bottleneck of RAG systems due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yuan Li , Qi Luo , Xiaonan Li , Bufan Li , Qinyuan Cheng , Bo Wang , Yining Zheng , Yuxin Wang , Zhangyue Yin , Xipeng Qiu