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In this work, we characterize the class of word-representable graphs with respect to the modular decomposition. Consequently, we determine the representation number of a word-representable graph in terms of the permutation-representation…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-12-24 Tithi Dwary , K. V. Krishna

A graph $G$ with vertex set $V(G)$ and edge set $E(G)$ is said to be word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V(G)$ such that, for any two distinct letters $x,y \in V(G)$, the letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ if…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-14 Eshwar Srinivasan , Ramesh Hariharasubramanian

A graph is word-representable if it can be represented in a certain way using alternation of letters in words. Word-representable graphs generalise several important and well-studied classes of graphs, and they can be characterised by…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-19 Sergey Kitaev , Haoran Sun

A simple graph $G=(V,E)$ is word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ iff $xy\in E$. Word-representable graphs generalize several important classes of graphs. A graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-10-03 Özgür Akgün , Ian P. Gent , Sergey Kitaev , Hans Zantema

The class of word-representable graphs, introduced in connection with the study of the Perkins semigroup by Kitaev and Seif, has attracted significant attention in combinatorics and theoretical computer science due to its deep connections…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-16 Eshwar Srinivasan , Ramesh Hariharasubramanian

A graph G(V, E) is word-representable if there exists a word w over V such that distinct letters x and y alternate in w iff $xy \in E$. We introduce p-complete squares and p-complete square-free word-representable graphs. A word is…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Biswajit Das , Ramesh Hariharasubramanian

Jones et al. (2015) introduced the notion of $u$-representable graphs, where $u$ is a word over $\{1, 2\}$ different from $22\cdots2$, as a generalization of word-representable graphs. Kitaev (2016) showed that if $u$ is of length at least…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Asahi Takaoka

A pair of letters $x$ and $y$ are said to alternate in a word $w$ if, after removing all letters except for the copies of $x$ and $y$ from $w$, the resulting word is of the form $xyxy\ldots$ (of even or odd length) or $yxyx\ldots$ (of even…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-14 Suchanda Roy , Ramesh Hariharasubramanian

A graph $G=(V,E)$ is word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that letters $x$ and $y$, $x\neq y$, alternate in $w$ if and only if $(x,y)\in E$. Halld\'{o}rsson et al.\ have shown that a graph is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-08-03 Thomas Z. Q. Chen , Sergey Kitaev , Brian Y. Sun

A graph $G=(V,E)$ is said to be word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that two distinct letters $x,y\in V$ alternate in $w$ if and only if $xy \in E$. Word-representable graphs form a well-studied graph…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-26 Suchanda Roy , Ramesh Hariharasubramanian

A graph $G=(V,E)$ is word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ if and only if $xy\in E$. Word-representable graphs generalize several important classes of graphs such…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-07-13 Anthony V. Petyuk

Recently, Jones et al. introduced the study of $u$-representable graphs, where $u$ is a word over $\{1,2\}$ containing at least one 1. The notion of a $u$-representable graph is a far-reaching generalization of the notion of a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-07-19 Sergey Kitaev

A graph $G=(V,E)$ is word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ if and only if $xy\in E$. For integers $n>k>0 $, the shift graph $G(n,k)$ is the graph whose vertex set…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-25 Suchanda Roy , Ramesh Hariharasubramanian

A graph $G = (V, E)$ is said to be word-representable if a word $w$ can be formed using the letters of the alphabet $V$ such that for every pair of vertices $x$ and $y$, $xy \in E$ if and only if $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$. A…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-29 Eshwar Srinivasan , Ramesh Hariharasubramanian

A graph $G = (V, E)$ is said to be word-representable if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that, for any two distinct letters $x, y \in V$, the letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ if and only if $xy \in E$. A graph is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-04 Biswajit Das , Ramesh Hariharasubramanian

Distinct letters $x$ and $y$ alternate in a word $w$ if after deleting in $w$ all letters but the copies of $x$ and $y$ we either obtain a word of the form $xyxy\cdots$ (of even or odd length) or a word of the form $yxyx\cdots$ (of even or…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-07-23 Gi-Sang Cheon , Jinha Kim , Minki Kim , Sergey Kitaev

Word-representable graphs are a subset of graphs that may be represented by a word $w$ over an alphabet composed of the vertices in the graph. In such graphs, an edge exists if and only if the occurrences of the corresponding vertices…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Duncan Adamson

The notion of a $k$-11-representable graph was introduced by Jeff Remmel in 2017 and studied by Cheon et al.\ in 2019 as a natural extension of the extensively studied notion of word-representable graphs, which are precisely…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-07-26 Mikhail Futorny , Sergey Kitaev , Artem Pyatkin

Word-representable graphs, which are the same as semi-transitively orientable graphs, generalize several fundamental classes of graphs. In this paper we propose a novel approach to study word-representability of graphs using a technique of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-12-19 Sumin Huang , Sergey Kitaev , Artem Pyatkin

The notion of word-representable graphs is a generalization of comparability graphs, in which graphs are represented by words. The complexity of word-representation of a word-representable graph is captured through the representation…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-17 Khyodeno Mozhui , K. V. Krishna