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This paper revisits the little-known Gibbs-Rodrigues representation of rotations in a three-dimensional space and demonstrates a set of algorithms for handling it. In this representation the rotation is itself represented as a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Ian R. Peterson

In computational 3D geometric problems involving rotations, it is often that people have to convert back and forth between a rotational matrix and a rotation described by an axis and a corresponding angle. For this purpose, Rodrigues'…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2018-10-10 Kuo Kan Liang

A modified Gibbs's rotation matrix is derived and the connection with the Euler angles, quaternions, and Cayley$-$Klein parameters is established. As particular cases, the Rodrigues and Gibbs parameterizations of the rotation are obtained.…

General Physics · Physics 2024-01-17 S. I. Kruglov , V. Barzda

We propose a rational version of the classic Rodrigues' rotation formula, which leads to a more accurate and efficient modelling of rotations and their derivatives in finite precision arithmetic. We explain how the rational Rodrigues'…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2016-01-07 Walter F. Mascarenhas

In geometric algebra, the rotation of a vector is described using rotors. Rotors are phasors where the imaginary number has been replaced by a oriented plane element of unit area called a unit bivector. The algebra in three dimensional…

Classical Physics · Physics 2022-11-01 S. D. Brechet

It is fairly well known that rotation in three dimensions can be expressed as a quadratic in a skew symmetric matrix via the Euler-Rodrigues formula. A generalized Euler-Rodrigues polynomial of degree 2n in a skew symmetric generating…

Materials Science · Physics 2008-07-25 Andrew N. Norris

In this short paper, we review the Euler-Rodrigues formula for three-dimensional rotation via fractional powers of matrices. We derive the rotations by any angle through the spectral behavior of the fractional powers of the rotation matrix…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2021-07-12 Flank D. M. Bezerra , Lucas A. Santos

We achieve compositions rules for the geometric parameters of the composed rotations, which is in a certain sense analogous to the well known Rodrigues formula. We also obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for a composition of two…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2015-08-25 Alex Goldvard , Lavi Karp

A geometric interpretation of the equinoctial elements is given with a connection to orthogonal rotations and attitude dynamics in Euclidean 3-space. An identification is made between the equinoctial elements and classic Rodrigues…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-14 Joseph T. A. Peterson , Vishala Arya , John L. Junkins

We present algebraic projective geometry definitions of 3D rotations so as to bridge a small gap between the applications and the definitions of 3D rotations in homogeneous matrix form. A general homogeneous matrix formulation to 3D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Feng Lu , Ziqiang Chen

It is well known that a rigid motion of the Euclidean plane can be written as the composition of at most three reflections. It is perhaps not so widely known that a similar result holds for Euclidean space in any number of dimensions. The…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2024-06-14 P. Gothen , A. Guedes de Oliveira

The general 4D rotation matrix is specialised to the general 3D rotation matrix by equating its leftmost top element (a00) to 1. Its associate matrix of products of the left-hand and right-hand quaternion components is specialised…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Johan Ernest Mebius

Rotation representations are foundational in fields such as computer graphics, robotics, and machine learning, where precise and efficient modeling of 3D orientations is critical. This paper comprehensively investigates diverse…

Graphics · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Aizierjiang Aiersilan , Haochen Liu , James Hahn

Differential equations are derived which show how generalized Euler vector representations of the Euler rotation axis and angle for a rigid body evolve in time; the Euler vector is also known as a rotation vector or axis-angle vector. The…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2024-12-11 John H. Elton , John R. Elton

I discuss the notions of traditional vector length, and suggest defining a complex vector length for complex vectors, as opposed to the traditional Hermitian real length. The advantages of this are shown in the development of rotations…

Classical Physics · Physics 2009-06-09 Eli Lansey

This article introduces yet another representation of rotations in 3-space. The rotations form a 3-dimensional projective space, which fact has not been exploited in Computer Science. We use the four affine patches of this projective space…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2013-04-23 Norman J. Goldstein

Euler's rotation theorem states that any reconfiguration of a rigid body with one of its points fixed is equivalent to a single rotation about an axis passing through the fixed point. The theorem forms the basis for Chasles' theorem which…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2020-08-13 Toby Joseph

Quaternions provide a unified algebraic and geometric framework for representing three-dimensional rotations without the singularities that afflict Euler-angle parametrisations. This article develops a pedagogical and conceptual analysis of…

This paper consists mostly of pictures visualizing ideas leading to Godel's rotating cosmological model. The pictures are constructed according to concrete metric tensor fields. Information about these are in the last chapters. The main aim…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-03-19 Istvan Nemeti , Judit X. Madarasz , Hajnal Andreka , Attila Andai

This paper first reviews how anti-symmetric matrices in two dimensions yield imaginary eigenvalues and complex eigenvectors. It is shown how this carries on to rotations by means of the Cayley transformation. Then a real geometric…

Complex Variables · Mathematics 2013-06-05 Eckhard Hitzer
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