Related papers: Elementary particles in the early Universe
Particle physics has evolved a coherent model that characterizes forces and particles at the most elementary level. This Standard Model, built from many theoretical and experimental studies, is in excellent accord with almost all current…
We consider first heavy particles with masses $M\sim M_{GUT}$ which arise in the Universe during phase transitions at the Grand Unification scale. Using statistical mechanics approach we show that they behave like ideal quantum degenerate…
Hadron properties and interactions are emergent from QCD. Atomic and condensed matter physics are emergent from QED. Could the local gauge symmetries of particle physics also be emergent? We give an introduction to this question and recent…
Collisions between heavy atomic nuclei at ultra-relativistic energies are carried out at particle colliders to produce the quark-gluon plasma, a state of matter where quarks and gluons are not confined into hadrons, and colour degrees of…
We discuss properties of QCD with variable and large $N_c$, taking into account electroweak interactions; i.e., we analyze the generalization of the standard model based on the gauge group $G={\rm SU}(N_c) \times {\rm SU(2)}_L \times {\rm…
Three aspects of supersymmetric theories are discussed: electroweak symmetry breaking, the issues of flavor, and gauge unification. The heavy top quark plays an important, sometimes dominant, role in each case. Additional symmetries lead to…
In order to extend the Standard Model to TeV scale energies one must address two basic questions: (1) What is the complete description of the effective theory of fundamental particles at and below the electroweak scale? and (2) What is the…
The time evolution of cosmological parameters in early Universe at the deconfinement transition is studied by an equation of state (EoS) which takes into account the finite baryon density and the background magnetic field. The non…
We assume that the origin of the electroweak (EW) scale is a gauge-invariant scalar-bilinear condensation in a strongly interacting non-abelian gauge sector, which is connected to the standard model via a Higgs portal coupling. The…
We consider a modified cosmological history in which the presence of beyond-the-Standard-Model physics causes the weak gauge sector, $\mathrm{SU}(2)_L$, to confine before it is Higgsed. Under the assumption of chiral symmetry breaking,…
The dynamics of the electroweak phase transition in the early universe has profound implications for cosmology and particle physics. We systematically study the steady-state dynamics of bubble walls in scenarios where the transition is…
We present an introduction into the basic concepts of the Standard Model, i.e. the gauge theories of the forces and the Higgs mechanism for generating masses. The Glashow-Salam-Weinberg theory of the electroweak interactions will be…
A possible solution to the observed baryon asymmetry in the universe is described, based on the physics of the standard model of electroweak interactions. At temperatures high enough electroweak physics provides violation of baryon number,…
The standard model for electroweak interactions uses the concepts of weak hypercharge and local gauge invariance of the Lagrangian density under the gauge group SU(2) x U(1). Taylor has remarked that U(1), being a multiply-connected group,…
We propose a geometric explanation of the standard model of Glashow, Weinberg and Salam for the known elementary particles. Our model is a generic Quantum Field Theory in dimension four, obtained by developing along a Lorentz sub-manifold…
At high temperatures or densities matter formed by strongly interacting elementary particles (hadronic matter) is expected to undergo a transition to a new form of matter - the quark gluon plasma - in which elementary particles (quarks and…
We study non--equilibrium ensemble corrections to particle masses and the effective potential in the early universe, using a uniform momentum distribution as an example. The resulting thermalization temperature is computed assuming \sm…
What follows is an updated version of the lectures given at the CERN Academic Training (November 1993) and at the Jaca Winter Meeting (February 1994). The aim is to provide a pedagogical introduction to the Standard Model of electroweak…
After discovery of the Higgs boson at CERN the Standard Model acquired a status of the theory of the elementary particles in the electroweak range (up to about 300 GeV). What general conclusions can be inferred from the Standard Model? It…
Even though the Standard Model with a Higgs mass mH = 125 GeV possesses no bulk phase transition, its thermodynamics still experiences a "soft point" at temperatures around T = 160 GeV, with a deviation from ideal gas thermodynamics. Such a…