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This article addresses the question of when physical laws and their consequences can be computed. If a physical system is capable of universal computation, then its energy gap can't be computed. At an even more fundamental level, the most…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-17 Seth Lloyd

Several models of quantum open systems are known at present to violate, according to principles of the standard quantum theory of open systems, the second law of thermodynamics. Here, a new and rather trivial model of another type is…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 V. Capek

In the present work we show that the second law of thermodynamics does not generally hold if the matter and gravitational fields are nonminimally coupled. We demonstrate this result by explicitly computing the evolution of the entropy of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-02-03 R. P. L. Azevedo , P. P. Avelino

Based on recent data about the history of the Hubble factor, it is argued that the second law of thermodynamics holds at the largest scales accessible to observation. This is consistent with previous studies of the same question.

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-12-02 Narayan Banerjee , Purba Mukherjee , Diego Pavón

The second law of classical thermodynamics, based on the positivity of the entropy production, only holds for deterministic processes. Therefore the Second Law in stochastic quantum thermodynamics may not hold. By making a fundamental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-14 B. Ahmadi , S. Salimi , A. S. Khorashad

We argue against current proposals concerning the non-existence of time. We point out that a large number of these proposals rely, at least implicitly, on the assumption of `closure' (or `partial closure') of the laws of Physics. I.e. the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-29 Reza Tavakol , Edward Anderson

Twentyseven comments (.) on the Second Law and nonequilibrium systems

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 G. Gallavotti

The second law of thermodynamics places a limitation into which states a system can evolve into. For systems in contact with a heat bath, it can be combined with the law of energy conservation, and it says that a system can only evolve into…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-11-20 Piotr Ćwikliński , Michał Studziński , Michał Horodecki , Jonathan Oppenheim

Lord Kelvin's postulate is a standard form of statement of the second law of thermodynamics. Caratheodory's principle is also considered as a different form of this law. Landsberg deduced Caratheodory's principle from Kelvin's postulate and…

General Physics · Physics 2011-02-22 Radhakrishnamurty Padyala

The second law of thermodynamics tells us which state transformations are so statistically unlikely that they are effectively forbidden. Its original formulation, due to Clausius, states that "Heat can never pass from a colder to a warmer…

After presenting possible motives for fighting against the second law of thermodynamics, several attempts to beat this law are analyzed. The second law wins, but an interesting interpretation of it emerges. This interpretation uses the…

adap-org · Physics 2015-06-30 Jorge Berger

There has been recent criticism of our approach to the Casimir force between real metallic surfaces at finite temperature, saying it is in conflict with the third law of thermodynamics and in contradiction with experiment. We show that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 J. S. Hoye , I. Brevik , J. B. Aarseth , K. A. Milton

Uncertainty relations state that there exist certain incompatible measurements, to which the outcomes cannot be simultaneously predicted. While the exact incompatibility of quantum measurements dictated by such uncertainty relations can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-05 Esther Hänggi , Stephanie Wehner

A major part of the many thermally driven processes in our natural environment as well as in engineering solutions of Carnot-type machinery is based on the second law of thermodynamics (or principle of entropy increase). An interesting link…

General Physics · Physics 2010-09-29 Hans R. Moser

Moore's Law has been used by semiconductor industry as predicative indicators of the industry and it has become a self-fulfilling prophecy. Now more people tend to agree that the original Moore's Law started to falter. This paper proposes a…

General Literature · Computer Science 2022-05-31 Nick Zhang

Kramers' law describes the mean transition time of an overdamped Brownian particle between local minima in a potential landscape. We review different approaches that have been followed to obtain a mathematically rigorous proof of this…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-10-17 Nils Berglund

Feedback control mechanisms are ubiquitous in science and technology, and play an essential role in regulating physical, biological and engineering systems. The standard second law of thermodynamics does not hold in the presence of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-20 Maxime Debiossac , David Grass , Jose Joaquin Alonso , Eric Lutz , Nikolai Kiesel

We treat a quantum mechanical system with certain general properties which are expected to be common in macroscopic quantum systems. Starting from a PURE initial state (which may not describe an equilibrium) in which energy is mildly…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 Hal Tasaki

Physical laws are a set of rules in the relationship between observations made by the experimenter. All these observations are made through a mechanism that links the external world to the experimenter's awareness, a mechanism which is not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-12 Hitoshi Inamori

I use cosmology examples to illustrate that the second law of thermodynamics is not old and tired, but alive and kicking, continuing to stimulate interesting research on really big puzzles. The question "Why is the entropy so low?" (despite…

Popular Physics · Physics 2015-09-09 Max Tegmark