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Three-dimensional (3D) photonic integrated circuits (PIC) are emerging as an indispensable scheme for high density and multifunctional photonic systems. However, the wafer-scale scaling of PICs towards a 3D configuration is constrained by…

Photonic integrated circuits utilize various waveguide materials, each excelling in specific metrics like efficient light emission, low propagation loss, high electro-optic efficiency, and potential for mass production. Inherent…

The past few decades have seen exponential growth in capabilities of digital electronics primarily due to the ability to scale Integrated Circuits (ICs) to smaller dimensions while attaining power and performance benefits. That scalability…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-04-20 Naveen Kumar Macha , Md Arif Iqbal , Bhavana Tejaswini Repalle , Sehtab Hossain , Mostafizur Rahman

Hybrid circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED) aims at coupling various quantum degrees of freedom, among which are spin and charge degrees of freedom in gate defined quantum dots, phonons or magnons... with quantized electromagnetic fields…

Complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) is the most widely spread technology for integrated circuits fabrication. Each foundry offers different technology nodes that are characterized by the minimum feature size, which is the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-23 Dina Reda Eldamak

The scaling of advanced packaging technologies provides abundant interconnection resources for 2.5D/3D heterogeneous integration (HI), thereby enabling the construction of larger-scale VLSI systems with higher energy efficiency in data…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Emad Haque , Pragnya Sudershan Nalla , Jeff Zhang , Sachin S. Sapatnekar , Chaitali Chakrabarti , Yu Cao

Today's systems are overwhelmingly designed to move data to computation. This design choice goes directly against at least three key trends in systems that cause performance, scalability and energy bottlenecks: (1) data access from memory…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Onur Mutlu , Saugata Ghose , Juan Gómez-Luna , Rachata Ausavarungnirun

Thermal simulation plays a fundamental role in the thermal design of integrated circuits, especially 3D ICs. Current simulators require significant runtime for high-resolution simulation, and dismiss the complex nonlinear thermal effects,…

Applied Physics · Physics 2026-01-19 Qipan Wang , Tianxiang Zhu , Yibo Lin , Runsheng Wang , Ru Huang

Poor DRAM technology scaling over the course of many years has caused DRAM-based main memory to increasingly become a larger system bottleneck. A major reason for the bottleneck is that data stored within DRAM must be moved across a…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2018-02-02 Saugata Ghose , Kevin Hsieh , Amirali Boroumand , Rachata Ausavarungnirun , Onur Mutlu

The quest for energy-efficient, scalable neuromorphic computing has elevated compute-in-memory (CIM) architectures to the forefront of hardware innovation. While memristive memories have been extensively explored for synaptic implementation…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-08-20 Kapil Bhardwaj , Ella Paasio , Sayani Majumdar

As semiconductor manufacturing advances from the 3-nm process toward the sub-nanometer regime and transitions from FinFETs to gate-all-around field-effect transistors (GAAFETs), the resulting complexity and manufacturing challenges continue…

Three-dimensional (3D) photonic integration offers a pathway to overcome the fundamental scaling limitations of planar platforms by enabling enhanced routing flexibility for compact, low-loss, and highly interconnected photonic circuits. In…

Optics · Physics 2026-05-26 Kanhaya Sharma , Adrià Grabulosa , Erik Jung , Daniel Brunner

Using a multi-layered printed circuit board, we propose a 3D architecture suitable for packaging supercon- ducting chips, especially chips that contain two-dimensional qubit arrays. In our proposed architecture, the center strips of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-12 Qiang Liu , Mengmeng Li , Kunzhe Dai , Ke Zhang , Guangming Xue , Xinsheng Tan , Haifeng Yu , Yang Yu

Integrated micro-nanochannel networks in fluidic devices are desirable in a number of applications ranging from self-healing/cooling materials to bioengineering. The conventional micro-manufacturing techniques are capable of either…

Materials Science · Physics 2017-04-10 Prasoon Kumar , Prasanna S Gandhi , Mainak Majumder

The growing computational demands of artificial intelligence (AI) are challenging conventional electronics, making photonic computing a promising alternative. However, existing photonic architectures face fundamental scalability and…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Meng Zhang , Ziang Yin , Nicholas Gangi , Alexander Chen , Brett Bamfo , Tianle Xu , Jiaqi Gu , Zhaoran Rena Huang

Today, there are a plethora of In-Memory Computing (IMC) devices- SRAMs, PCMs & FeFETs, that emulate convolutions on crossbar-arrays with high throughput. Each IMC device offers its own pros & cons during inference of Deep Neural Networks…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Abhiroop Bhattacharjee , Abhishek Moitra , Priyadarshini Panda

A key virtue of spin qubits is their sub-micron footprint, enabling a single silicon chip to host the millions of qubits required to execute useful quantum algorithms with error correction. With each physical qubit needing multiple control…

We review threats and selected schemes concerning hardware security at design and manufacturing time as well as at runtime. We find that 3D integration can serve well to enhance the resilience of different hardware security schemes, but it…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-01-28 Johann Knechtel , Satwik Patnaik , Ozgur Sinanoglu

Today's hundred-qubit quantum computers require a dramatic scale up to millions of qubits to become practical for solving real-world problems. Although a variety of qubit technologies have been demonstrated, scalability remains a major…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-31 Sanskriti Joshi , Sajjad Moazeni

Mode-division multiplexing has emerged as a promising route for increasing transmission capacity while maintaining the same level of on-chip integration. Despite the large number of on-chip mode converters and multiplexers reported for the…